Learning process in behaviour Essay

Learning is a permanent change in demeanor caused by experience. The disciple does not need to have the experience directly we kitty also learn by find others .It is an ongoing process. Our knowledge of the world is continually being revised as we are exposed to sweet stimuli and receiving ongoing feedback that allows us to modify our deportment when we find ourselves in a similar position once againPsychologists who have studied learning have developed advanced therories on the process of learning. Here we lead discuss the two major approaches to learning instrumental and classical conditioning.Classical instructIt occurs when a stimulation that elicits a receipt is paired with another stimulus that initially does not elicit a response on its own.A Russian physiologist , Pavlov introduced classically erudite learning by pairing a objective stimulus ( a bell ) with a stimulus known to cause a salivation to dogs ( he squirted wry meat powder). The powder was an un letter ed stimulus because it was capable of causing the response. over time, the dog has learned to henchman the bell with its meat powder and begin to salivate at the sound of the bell only. The drooling of these canine consumers because of a sound now has a linked to feeding time, was a conditioned response ( CR ).This prefatorial of classical conditioning applies to responses controlled by the autonomic and nervous systems. When these cues are consistently paired with a conditioned stimuli such as brand names, we as consumers may feel hungry, thirsty or aroused when after exposed to brand cues.Conditioning effects are more same(p)ly to occur after the (CS) conditioned andunconditioned ( UCS ) stimuli have been paired a number of times. Repeated exposures increases the strength of stimulus-response associations and prevent the decay of these associations in memory.Many marketing strategies focus on on the establishment of associations between stimuli and responses. Behavioural lear ning principal applies to umteen consumer phenomena, ranging from the trigger of a distinctive brand image to the perceived linkage between a product and an underlying need. The transfer of meaning from an unconditioned stiulus to a conditioned stimulus explains why made-up brands like Marlboro, Coca-Cola or IBM can exert such powerful effects on consumers.Operant conditioningOver the years behaviourist have carried out operant principals out of the narrow world of the skinner cut and into the wider room of society. The use of the operant techniques to help large number change unwanted, dangerous, or self-defeating habits in actual world rophytings is called behaviour modification ( applied behaviour analysis )Behaviour modification has had enormous success, behaviouristic have taught parents to toilet train their children in only a few sessions etc. as you can see from everyday world behaviour modificaton is not a science alone an art.Operant Conditioning process of apply ing the law of effect to control behaviour by manipulating its consequences.Law of effect behaviour followed by pleasant consequences is likely to be repeated behaviour followed by unpleasant consequences is not4 staple funding strategies is use in operant conditioning positive payoff-negative wages-punishment-extinctionPositive reinforcement the process by which people learn to perform acts leading to such desirable outcomes. Whatever behaviour led to the positive outcome is likely to occur again, thereby strengthening that behaviour by making a pleasant consequences contingent onto its occurrence. detrimental reinforcement Negative reinforcement is the process by which people learn to perform acts that lead to removal of undesired events or unpleasant consequence contingent onto its occurrence. penalty administrating of negative consequences or withdrawal of positive consequences that tend to reduce the likelihood of repeating the behaviour in similar settings extinction ceasa tion of previously established reinforcer that is maintaining a behaviour by removal of a pleasant consequence of its occurrence.Positive reinforcement can take many forms. One of the strongest is praise and credit for the good manoeuvre. It is good rewards management. It shifts the emphasis and energy of the manger towards a larger number of employees, rather than focus all the attention and time on poorer employees. If done correctly it can make all but the worst employees feel that the organization recognizes and appreciates their effort and contributions. If the desired behaviour is specific in nature and is effortful to achieve , a pattern if positive reinforcement called shaping can be used. Shaping is the creation of a new behaviour by the positive reinforcement of successive approximations leading to the desired behaviour.Negative reinforcement governs a good deal of our behaviour. Some people dothink that it is a healthy way to manage people at work that is, employees wh o engage in undesirable behaviour should conceptualise something to happen to them. But there are some difficulties with this approach. First it creates a tens environment ( difficult to work everyday where the main motivation is to prevent unpleasant outcomes ) secondly, relationships often deteriorates when superiors represent a constant brat to be avoided.There can be adverse side effects in using punishment. An put to death intended to punish may instead be reinforcing because it brings attention-the recepient of punishment often responds with anxiety ,fear or rage-the effectiveness of punishment is often temporay, depending heavily on the presense of the punishing person or heap-most misbehaviours is hard to punish fastly thus resutingin the reinforcement of the undesired behaviour-punishment conveys little infoExtinction is important and quite commonly used. This strategy decreases the frequency of or dampens the behaviour . The behaviour is not uneducated it simply is not exhibited. Since the behaviour is no longer reinforced, it ordain reappear when it is reinforced again. Whereas positive reinforcement seeks to establish and maintain desirable work behaviour, extinction on the other hand is intended to weaken and eliminate the undesirable behaviourLaw of contingent reinforcement states for reward to have the maximum reinforcing entertain it must be delivered only if the desired behaviour is exhibited . Secondly, the law of immediate reinforcement states , the more immediate the delivery of a reward after the occurence of a desirable behaviour, the greater the reinforcing value of the reward.Timing of postiove reinforcementa) the continuous reiforcemnt schedule administers a reqrd each tie a desired behaviour occursb) b) an intermittent or patila reinforcement schedule rewars a behaviour only periodically. 4 varieties of partial reinforcement schedule a) furbish up interval schedulesb)Variable interval schedulesc)Fixed ratio schedulesc) Vari able ratio schedulesIn general , a mange can predict that the continuous reinforcement will draw a desired behaviour more quickly than will intermittent reinforcementSteps in positive reinforcement programidentify specific behaviour that are to be changed must be accurate and reliably observed and then recorded. Behaviour should be measurable and observable. determine the links between the target behaviour, its consequences and stimulus condition leading to the beaviour)develop and set specific behaviour goals for each person and target behavioursrecording process toward the goalapply portion consequences rewards, punsihmnets,extinction