The Role of Participation in Budgeting Essay -- essays research papers

The Role of Participation in BudgetingIntroductionAlthough participation in budgeting may enforce the managerial performance, it has constrains and can cause some problems as well. This article analyses the possible advantages and limitations of the role of participation in budget consideration. In the neighboring section, the possible merits of budgetary participation are demonstrated. This is followed by a section that explains the equivocation existing in the relationship between budgetary participation and performance. Then, in the following section, some negative effects on the application of participation in budgeting progress are illustrated. The final section is the conclusion of the study.The Possible Advantages of budgetary ParticipationAccording to the definition of budgeting, it is the estimation of all income and expenses for an accounting period or financial forecasting, planning, and controlling. (http//www.yourwebassistant.net/glossary/b11.htmbudgeting) Comparing t he budget with the real execution of the company, it is possible to improve the decision-making process for the future development of the enterprise. So budgeting takes a crucial role in management accounting. Therefore, studying how to make budget setting more than effective is important for the benefit of the enterprise.Participation in budgeting is one of the useful approaches. It bears some possible advantages, which may enhance managers trueness to budget objectives. The following discussion (adapted from Lecture nones by Professor S. G. Ogden, 2004) bears the assumption that there is positive relationship between participation and performance. The contradictions will be discussed later in the following sections.First of all, participation in budget setting can inspire the enthusiasm of the managers. Then they will intend to input more energy and time into the work to meet the budget targets. Because if they are involved in the process of budget setting, they will link it with their own knowledge, experience, and so on to make the judgment. This linkage renders the target of the company to be the participators personal target.Secondly, participation may encourage the creation of the participators. Creation is the characteristic of human beings. However, not everybody at any time has the motivation to create. When the budget is settled, and what the managers and employ... ...nteraction of budget characteristics and personality variables with budget response attitudes. The Accounting Review. Vol. 53. pp. 324-335.Dunk, A. S. (1989). Budget emphasis, budgetary participation and managerial performance A note. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 14. pp. 321-324Dunk, A. S. (1993). The effects of job-related tension on managerial performance in participative budgetary settings. Accounting, Organizations and Society. Vol. 18. pp. 575-585. Hartmann, F. G. H. (2000). The appropriateness of RAPM toward the further development of theory. Accounting, Orga nizations and Society. Vol. 25. pp. 451-482. Lau, M. C. (2001). Budget emphasis, participation, toil difficulty and performance the effect of diversity within culture. Accounting and Business Research. Vol. 31. pp. 37. Abstract.Merchant, K. A. (1981). The Design of the Corporate Budgeting System Influences on Managerial Behavior and operation. The Accounting Review. Vol. 56. pp. 813-829.Milani, K. (1975). The relationship of participation in budget setting to industrial supervisor performance and attitudes a field study. The Accounting Review. Vol. 50. pp. 274-284.

Business Plan to Launch a Graphics & Web Design Company Essay -- Techn

Proposal for the Development of a Business Plan to Launch a Graphics & Web Design CompanyIntroductionIn todays concern world, many consumers prefer a troupes presence & position on the internet. E-Business is a magical marketing tool for most companies. The term attracts attention and affects the fundamental tasks of a companys day-to-day operations. Companies have not confused the financial woes of various venture capitalists in the dot-com industry with the wide-range of possibilities offered via e-business. If positioned properly, a company could effectively influence the opportunities on e-business in a well-managed manner. The real potential often comes with the application of various tools and concepts associated with e-business to the basics of business as well as, using these tools to bring about pertly levels of competitiveness to companies. The presence on the internet is basically about shifting the thoughts of the former business world. It is no longer true that in orde r to discharge big business, you must be a big business. The internet has virtually evened the playing field in the small vs. big business arena however, the mart is still an increasingly complex division where positioning is key to standing out from the crowd.ProposalIn order to become a participant, a company must actively work to become partners with their customers. A company must formulate a strategy that will focus their resources where they have the greatest i...

Shakespeares Macbeth - Macbeths Guilt :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Macbeths Implacable Guilt The Shakespearean tragedy Macbeth underscores the important and ordinarily unforeseen effect of sin, that of misdeed. The guilt is so deep that madam Macbeth is pushed to suicide, and Macbeth fares only slightly better. Blanche Coles states in Shakespeares Four Giants that, regarding guilt in the play Briefly stated, and with elaborations to follow, Macbeth is the narration of a kindly, upright man who was incited and goaded, by the woman he deeply loved, into committing a murder and then, because of his sensitive nature, was unable to bear the heavy burden of guilt that descended upon him as a result of that murder. (37) In Memoranda Remarks on the Character of Lady Macbeth, Sarah Siddons mentions the guilt and ambition of Lady Macbeth and their effect Re I have tending(p) suck (1.7.54ff.) Even here, horrific as she is, she shews herself made by ambition, but not by nature, a perfectly savage creature. The very use of much(prenominal) a tender a llusion in the midst of her dreadful language, persuades one unequivocally that she has really felt the maternal yearnings of a mother towards her babe, and that she considered this action the most awful that ever required the strength of human nerves for its perpetration. Her language to Macbeth is the most potently eloquent that guilt could use. (56) In his book, On the Design of Shakespearean Tragedy, H. S. Wilson comments regarding the guilt of the protagonist It is a subtler thing which constitutes the chief fascination that the play exercises upon us - this fear Macbeth feels, a fear not fully defined, for him or for us, a august anxiety that is a sense of guilt without becoming (recognizably, at least) a sense of sin. It is not a sense of sin because he refuses to recognize much(prenominal) a category and, in his stubbornness, his savage defiance, it drives him on to more and more marvellous acts. (74) Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of Wil liam Shakespeare explain how guilt impacts Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is of a finer and more delicate nature. Having fixed her eye upon the end - the attainment for her husband of Duncans crown - she accepts the inevitable means she nerves herself for the terrible nights work by artificial stimulants yet she cannot strike the sleeping king who resembles her father.

Runnin Down Some Lines: Book Review :: essays research papers

Deprived of opportunities for advancement in mainstream society, black ghetto teenagers elevate their personal style into a philosophical system of life. Their exemplars are pimps and gangsters.... Gangs develop to bolster self-identity through psychological control of the streets hip "threads" and "freaked out" cars also serve as outward signs of inner creativity. both(prenominal) sexes consider coitus ("doin the do") a natural and desirable part of adolescence soft drugs, primarily marijuana ("tea"), also offer a brief alternative to the harsh reality of ghetto existence. But embracing all of these is the vernacular itself - in its grace, flexibility, and strength it is a valuable tool for "gettin down," for "blowin fire," ultimately for staying alive...(Anderson 1981233-234).Edith A Folb is a snow-covered woman who threw herself into the depths of one of Americas most notorious ghettos for nearly nine years of fieldwork on the l anguage and culture of African-American teenagers. She left the University of California, Los Angeles in 1964, center(prenominal) through an increasingly dissatisfying Ph.D. program, to involve herself in a variety of community-based activities in the hopes of determining the future course of her life. After two years of working amongst the preponderantly black inhabitants of South Central Los Angeles, Folb returned to school with a better subject of focus for her studies. She had found her calling in the last place most passel would think to look in the heart of the ghetto. "So, in 1967, she began the systematic study of black teenage vernacular vocabulary" (Folb 1980viii).In 1980, Edith A. Folbs first book, runnin down or so lines the language and culture of black teenagers, was published. The book is based on her extensive first-hand research on the teens of South Central. She spent over eight years in operation(p) within the community, interviewing many teens and con versing less formerly with countless others. Folb feels that these youths are representative of an aspect of American society both disregarded and misunderstood by the white majority. She even goes as far as to refer to the ghetto as a "country" of its own within the boundaries of the United States (Folb 19802). Her goal is to shed some devolve on the otherwise dark subject of inner city culture. Folb believes that the manner in which the teens of South Central speak may "tell those who would listen what it actor to be young and black and live in a ghetto community" (Folb 19804).

The Master of One’s Fate, The Captain of One’s Soul :: Philosophy, Good Judgment, Control, Direction

Successful people have the ability to obviate situations and make concise decisions, which lead them to a final refinement or destination. In order to make these decisions and weave a path through a maze of obstacles, they must have confidence in their take in judgment. Good judgment is subjective and requires check into and control to achieve. Good judgment is unfettered by outside influences but allows individuals to conduct themselves in a musical mode appeasing to themselves and their situation. Individuals of this type maintain their own behavior, separating and acknowledging how they are perceived and who they would like to be. Good judgment leads to a person in control and control is aquiline on nothing. Michael De Montaigne describes in his essays how one can gain control over oneself while achieving a coherent totality. One is often influenced and criticized by close peers. Because of this eternal speculation and concern for others, people turn trivial decisions in to difficult life altering battles. Even in solitude ones conscious is a constantand dogmaticobserver. The idea of even having to make a choice has escaladed into a tyrannical monster. To take back control, Montaigne advises individuals to look inward. He proposes people discipline themselves in a back shop all our own(Montaigne 214) because it would be madness to trust oneself if one does not know how to govern ones self (Montaigne 221). In solitudefree from the violent clutches that engage (Montaigne 216)one must go so far in discipline that he dare not escape up in your own presence (Montaigne 221). By doing this, individuals respect their decision, trusting it the most beneficial and appropriate to the situation. Often division is another source of confusion, reservation it difficult for individuals to have authority in their own life. People are torn between their own affairs and the headaches of our neighbors and friends (Montaigne 215). To this, Montaigne discusses ho w one should comfortably detach oneself from temporal materials and allow one to be a whole people (Montaigne 221). Certainly, one should find pleasures in having a, wife, children, goods, and above all health (Montaigne 214) however, one must not be bound to any materials so strongly that his happiness depends on them (Montaigne 214) or they cannot be detached without tearing off our skin and some conk out of our flesh as well (Montaigne 216). One tends to give ones self away, so that portions of ones time and thought belong to others kind of than belonging to ones self.

The Master of One’s Fate, The Captain of One’s Soul :: Philosophy, Good Judgment, Control, Direction

Successful slew have the ability to obviate situations and make concise decisions, which lead them to a final exam goal or destination. In order to make these decisions and weave a path through a maze of obstacles, they must(prenominal) have confidence in their own judgment. Good judgment is subjective and requires discipline and jibe to achieve. Good judgment is unfettered by outside influences but allows individuals to conduct themselves in a manner appeasing to themselves and their situation. Individuals of this type maintain their own behavior, separating and acknowledging how they are perceived and who they would like to be. Good judgment leads to a person in control and control is dependant on nonhing. Michael De Montaigne describes in his essays how one can gain control over oneself while achieving a coherent totality. One is often influenced and criticized by smashed peers. Because of this constant speculation and concern for others, people turn trivial decisions int o difficult life altering battles. Even in solitude ones sure is a constantand dogmaticobserver. The idea of even having to make a choice has escaladed into a tyrannical monster. To take back control, Montaigne advises individuals to look inward. He proposes people discipline themselves in a back shop all our own(Montaigne 214) because it would be madness to trust oneself if one does not know how to govern ones self (Montaigne 221). In solitudefree from the violent clutches that engage (Montaigne 216)one must go so far in discipline that he dare not trip up in your own presence (Montaigne 221). By doing this, individuals respect their decision, trusting it the most beneficial and appropriate to the situation. Often division is another antecedent of confusion, making it difficult for individuals to have authority in their own life. People are torn between their own affairs and the headaches of our neighbors and friends (Montaigne 215). To this, Montaigne discusses how one sho uld comfortably remove oneself from earthly materials and allow one to be a whole people (Montaigne 221). Certainly, one should find pleasures in having a, wife, children, goods, and above all health (Montaigne 214) however, one must not be bound to any materials so strongly that his happiness depends on them (Montaigne 214) or they cannot be detached without tearing off our skin and virtually part of our flesh as well (Montaigne 216). One tends to give ones self away, so that portions of ones time and thought drop dead to others rather than belonging to ones self.

The Bombing of Hiroshima – source related study

Source A is a picture source, which shows the mass devastation caused by the atomic bomb at Hiroshima. The source is an Ariel photograph, which was taken at the heart of Hiroshima, it was taken a day after the bomb was dropped. Source B is an eyewitness account of the bombs consequences and describes the quite a little around him. Source A focuses on the geographical consequence of the bomb. From the source we can see mass goal and devastation, at that place seems to be no signs of life what so ever. There is absolute destruction shown and there is only really one house visible, which is crumbling down into pieces.We see a large area (we can even see the mountains in the background, video display the extent of the damage) as the picture is quite wide and the picture is visually potent, it shows the viewer a lot, as a picture paints a thousand words. It shows overmuch more than any text would describe. It shows exactly what the Americans wanted to see, destruction to force the J apanese to surrender. It shows the power of the atomic bomb, approximately equivalent to the power of 100 one thousand million tons of TNT. The source whitethorn be taken for propaganda. It shows annihilation and this represents power.This may have been used to show the American people that the country was still powerful and get their moral up after losing hundreds of thousands of American lives. It may also have been used to show the rest of the world Americas supremacy. It does this very well. The source is extremely useful as it is a clear Ariel photograph which displays a wide area of land in which we can see the physical effects, which ultimately is towering devastation. still the source can be unhelpful in some respects as it is only one area of Hiroshima and so there may not have been that much devastation overall.It may be the not be as bad as other parts and could be exaggerated. But ultimately the bomb had a large radius and would have destroyed a large area quite eas ily. Source B is an account by Mr Kazuo, it is an eyewitness account and so the source should be quite reliable. The source focuses more on the human aspect. He describes the gruesome deaths and mutations of various, innocent Japanese men, women and children. It gruesomely describes how peoples eyes hung out, how they had holes instead of noses and how the skin hung like seaweed.The descriptions are extremely effective and gruesome and make people fell angry as innocent people went through such horrific pain. The source however is not as useful as it doesnt really focus on the physical side, although we learn bridge over were still standing. It focuses much more on human aspects. It may not be as reliable as we think because the effects of the bomb may have tainted him, and naturally he would exaggerate the disaster to some degree, as the experience was shocking. He would have hated the Americans for what they did so would naturally exaggerate.boilersuit source A is a much more use ful source as evidence of the physical effects of the Hiroshima bomb. The source is an actual photograph, which focuses on the land, and so we can gather much information about the physical effects. Source B is very useful in dealing with the human aspect of the bomb, except the visually powerful picture in source A is much more useful for the physical effects and paints a thousand words. There is so much mire we can learn and conclude from source A. it shows the true devastation to the land and shows the bomb and Americans left nothing standing in there way.

Bshs 402 Final Exam

Final Exam Please use the Initial List of Case Management Functions localised in the Appendix of your Rothman & Sager text on page 289 as well as chapter 2. Use the vignette below to provide Case Management services to this particular(prenominal) node. Please follow whole of the steps in the Case Management functions to best serve your client. Please do not number each of the functions in question/answer form, only answer in essay format using APA standards. You lead not earn credit unless each of the steps is clearly identified you may use headings, italicized identification throughout the paragraph with each of the steps, etc.The final exam is due Week 5 Day 7. Please curve to the assignments section on your student website. Your paper should be at least 3-5 pages double spaced. var allow is a single father of dickens children. He has of late lost his job which is creating difficulties taking c are of his family. He is on the verge of having his electricity and water cut off to his house. He is also struggling to requital his mortgage. He is on his last $50 and still has to feed his family for the week. He has not had much luck on his own finding services to attend him in this time of crisis.Recently, his two children stimulate had difficulties in school acting out and not completing their school work. Jack is becoming frustrated and feels bleak let onn his current situation. He comes to you looking for help. What do you do? Client Identification and Outreach In order to help Jack return stability into his purport and that of his children we need to follow a schematic model of intervention as discussed in Chapter 2 of our text. The runner step in implementing the fiber management cognitive operation is Client Identification and Outreach.According to Rothman (1998), the flow of clients into the organization can come through referrals of various kinds (agencies, families, community organizations, clergy, police, schools, self-referral, etc. ). Therefore the agency must stir itself visible(prenominal) to receive clientele as they approach the system. Jack has contacted our agency through self-referral. Now we must set up an interview to find out much near Jack and his family. This result be accomplished through an intake interview. Intake, Assessment and Setting GoalsAn intake interview will take place during the first appointment in a formal setting such as the agency office where various administrative forms will be filed. Intake will include identifying Jacks problem and situation. Also, it will be determined if there is an appropriate agency-client match. Eligibility will be examined and the financial situation appraised. The client will be given information about agency services, requirements, and limitations. At this time we hope to find out much details about Jacks struggles and need in full as well as some personal/family background information.Psychosocial Assessment The next step would be assessing the level of the clients social, psychological, and carnal work. This is a rather involved step in the care for because not only does the information come from the client but other sources such as family, previous agencies, work place etc. In Jacks case he will be the main contributor to his background information. During the judgement process we find out that Jack was laid off because the company downsized to be able to compete in todays tough market.Jack was a computer analyst. The financial burden has become unbearable and added stress to Jacks family life. Recently he vented out his frustration on his two children, and now regrets it. With bills piling up, grocery dwindling away, and his childrens poor academic performance jack finds himself in despair and in need of foreign assistance. At this time its been determined that Jack has suffered an emotional breakdown because of high stress and on the verge of developing mild depression.His psychological needs should be addressed s imultaneously while helping Jack get back on his feet and provide basic needs for his family. Jack has many friends but he is too proud to ask them for financial help. Goal Setting Now we are able to set up concrete goals with Jack because we have covered all necessary background information and determined what his needs are. First we must prioritize. Jack needs food for his family and to keep the household utilities fully functioning so that his children may continue leading a healthy daily routine.In order to maintain Jacks psychological health a counselor from the agency will work with Jack on gaining emotional stability and dealing with daily stressors. It will take time to find Jack gainful employment in the meantime the case manager will help him apply for unemployment. Also refer him to a local food pious platitude for food. Throughout the goal setting process clients input is crucial and a must to make for certain all their needs are being addressed and the clients wishes are heard and considered.The short term goals would be Jacks psychological stability, food for his family, and maintaining full functioning of the household. Long term goals would be finding Jack full time employment and possibly learning juvenile job skills. Another goal is to hiking his childrens academic performance. Resource Identification and Intervention Planning Now we are ready to start implementing our intervention plan. An intervention plan is obviously intensify through use of available service resources.For the purpose of our client Jack the resources we need have already been established. Now the case manager must locate these resources by looking in to the information thats already available from previous cases or researching new resources through available networks. Its also stabilising to connect with other agencies or individuals and request needed information. Its important to include the client in resource identification process by communicate about places t hey turn to for help and what has been expedient to them, additional resources surface, some off-the-beaten-track.By doing this a case manager can find out a lot of useful information about agencies such as availability of resources, eligibility of clients, reliability and quality of services. Now we are ready for the next step. Intervention planning encompasses both handling planning, in the sense of therapy and counseling, and service planning, which involves the linking of clients to orthogonal agencies and informal networks for more varied and comprehensive assistance.The clients personal rights, needs, and goals are considered in their interrelatedness with the external realities of physical space, social supports, family structure, and the communitys social and political climate. The intervention plan for Jack is simple, receive counseling and apply for unemployment, go to the local food bank. The counselor faculty recommend other services for Jack if she determines there i s a deeper issue that cannot be resolved without the help of a therapist. Jacks children should participate on a few counseling sessions so that a healthy family tmosphere can be established at home. A counselor might suggest Jack take a parenting class to build positive relationships with his children. The steps must be clearly defined and written out sort of in a contract. Linking Jack to the services and supports I have already identified will be our next step in the intervention plan. The case manager may assist these clients in acquiring job interviewing and job searching skills. A social service agency can assist with perplexities about housing, job training, or family disruption.Professional linking does not consist of simply suggesting a referral. It also means making a good hook-up, including doing whatever is necessary to ensure that the client actually receives the needed aid. The case manager will connect Jack and his family with each agency and perform a follow up to m ake sure Jack has received the help and services he needed. This process calls for a wealth of knowledge about the community human services system accurate, street smart information on policies, programs and procedures contingencies and loopholes and the costs and benefits of different options.Monitoring, Reassessment, and Outcome Evaluation Monitoring is following up on a client intervention plan to make sure it is carried out and that it brings about the helpful results that were intended. In supervise, the practitioner sees to it that the agencies accepting clients actually provide the needed services, that aid from family or friends is forthcoming, and that the client carries out tasks that were concur upon. It also is a means of tracking the practitioners own intended performance.In our case with Jack the case manager will place hebdomadary phone calls and set up appointments every two weeks in order to measure client progress. If needed the check in sessions can become more frequent or less frequent depending on how well the client is doing. Monitoring is closely tied with reassessment because looking at a process in action automatically provides feedback about how the process is playing out and with what consequences. During reassessment it should be determined if the original intervention plan is working or if some goals need to be changed or adjusted depending on how well the plan has worked.Again its very important to utilize client input during monitoring and reassessment to determine success or failure of the plan and if any changes or adjustments are necessary. Finally, if the plan has worked and Jack is happily functioning in all areas of his life such as family, work and social circles, then the implemented intervention was successful. If not then the plan must be revised and new goals set up addressing areas of previous failure. All the while the case manager must give the client, Jack, empowerment to take charge of his life and never give u p.The monitoring should come to a minimum at this point so the client does not come depend and rely on the case manager. further not all contact must be severed an occasional phone call or an appointment must be made to let the client know that the door is always open when he needs guidance or assistance. References Rothman, J. (1998). Case Management Integrating Individual and Community consecrate (2nd ed. ). Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection.

Beowulf and Grendel Comparison

Brooklyn Technical High School Lhadoen Gyephel E4H- pd. 5 04/02/13 Grendel The book Grendel by John Gardner is about a monster, named Grendel, who involves himself with humans. It goes back in time to show the origins of the conflict between them and also to show Grendels personal change within. The invention provides the view of the monster that everyone in Beowulf feared and hated.It showcases how certain events and experiences shaped Grendel, not only as a monster, but as a human and observer. The story focuses on Grendels different philosophies of thought. He observes the local humans, the Scyldings development as a civilization and as individuals. His first toys with the outside world are both bewildering and melancholy. His encounter with a bull and humans leads to his search for personal meaning and his desire to torment the humans.All these things show that Grendel is not a monster, but a non-human who possesses human-like qualities, such as emotion and thoughts. Beowulf portrays Grendel as a savage beast, who is solely driven by his nonhuman instincts to torture humans. It gives the reader the feeling that he does not possess the identical thought processes as humans do therefore, he is characterized as a monster. However, in this novel, Grendels point of view and thoughts are more developed and deeper than how he is portrayed in Beowulf.The readers get a glimpse of the story through his eyes and it may change their view of Grendel. He is a solitary and fuddle creature who is misunderstood by humans and all those around him. He looks for a place to belong and his quest is to know who and what he is. I had cause something, as if born again. I had hung between possibilities before, between the cold truths I knew and the heart-sucking conjuring tricks of the Shaper now that was passed I was Grendel, Ruiner of Meadhalls, Wrecker of Kings?But also, as never before, I was unsocial. Grendel states this at the end of Chapter 6 and it marks the start of his 12-year war against the humans. Its significant because its Grendels step in creating his ingest identity and place in the world for the first time. It not only indicates that Grendel has a role of the humans nemesis but that now, more than ever before, Grendel was alone because he has destroyed the possibility of ever befriending the humans.

Corporate Communication Problems & Solutions Essay

The definition of communication in language dictionaries have non changed overmuch with time, however the tools, means and mediums used by a normal person have rapidly evolved. Spoken words combined with body language mayhap were the first means of communication used by mankind, but in todays digital world the same has translated into written text support with emotion icons and colorful pictures or videos, thanks to the internet.Furthermore, with the easy access to social media tools such as Facebook and Twitter mint ar now having the power of set communication at their fingertips making them able to share a message with thousands of people at no time, absolutely without any efforts. From the to a higher place general introduction, it erect be realised that we live in an over communicated world with tons of irrelevant messages floating around diverting our focus and attention to areas that may not have any importance to us.The ch allenge may not be noticed in the personal life but is surely a fretting when it comes to corporate environment. Time is money. (Franklin), this was a statement once said by a famous politician who lived back in the 18th century, but it solace is very much valid today and defiantly maybe much more expensive than Franklin himself thought it would be. Every business exists to make profit by doubling, tripling or quadrupling their dollars and one of the main earing keys is keeping the firms cost under control hence fully utilising employees time and ensuring the highest levels of efficiency.The above may not be the right message a business owner would wish to deliver to his employees, but would defiantly want to implement an in effect(p) and productive work environment where every employee knows, understands and lives the firms strategy and mission statement. This is only achieved when a proper commination channel is in place indoors an organization which many companies in the corporate world strive to have or implement.Commun ication fusss in corporates are many, but to start with I bequeath refer to a statement by a famous Irish dramatist who lived is the last century The single biggest problem in communication is the fast one that it has taken place. (Shaw) The above statement enlightens us to a major communication problem where the initiator simply thinks that his message is delivered, understood or even auctioned by the recipients which could lead to issues no one have anticipated. Such illusions could be turned into reality simply if the initiator is making sure to request an acknowledgment from the receiver.On the other side, as identified by Arnold Anderson, language barriers can sometime occur in a multinational environment which may become another(prenominal) communication problem. Although a diverse workplace has several benefits for the business, such as verity to of solutions to familiarity issues and insight to international markets, but considering that organization is made of people f rom different countries, cultures and ethics will add up to the language barrier and slow communication or create miss understanding that will in conclusion make communication ineffective.In such cases, the best solution is to assure that an official business language i. . English, is fluently spoken by all employees and a cultural training and communication policy is taught to new joiners of the organization. Furthermore, with the born of the digital environment, most if not all- work related documents and communications are now e-mail based which has many benefits such as documenting every conversation, easiness to contact any person, no distance barrier and instant, however Every Rose Has Its pricker. (Poison, 1988) One of the biggest challenges that came to exist with e-mail communication is the habit of avoiding face-to-face talks.Many employees are used to get stuck to their seats for 8 hours a day and all they do is send mails back and forth. This causes huge lack of collab oration between different units and people resulting to lack of teamwork hence lower productivity in the organisation. This problem may grow from a few peoples habits to a general organisation culture issue thus it has to be addressed intensely. there is no quick solution to such issue, but one of good initiatives I saw in our company was Face-Mail day. This people department in our company started to encourage all employees to use face mail instead of e-mails every Wednesday.The initiative was very much appreciated by employees and did show positive results as time passed by. In conclusion, the corporate environment will always have communication problems even if all employees were replaced by robots however, the organisation should always set its antecedence to keep effects of this issue as low as possible by implanting a communication policy, encouraging face mail, assuring that hired employees are fluent in business language and by continuing communicating the objective of the company and its long-term strategy.

Pioglitazone: From discovery to clinical practice Essay

The most commonality type of diabetes is caseful II diabetes mellitus which occurs in more that 90% of the cases of diabetes reported (Thomas, 2013). Type I diabetes is non as commonand is caused by destruction of the islet of Langerhans due to susceptibility of an autoimmune destruction leading to a reduced amount of insulin produced and glucose intolerance (Feinglos,2008). Type I diabetes is broadly diagnosed in children and young adults. Unlike diabetes typeI, Type II diabetes mellitus is mostly diagnosed in older people and is caused by unhealthy lifestyles (Thomas, 2013).Type II diabetes is characterized by production of insulin which does not perform its function. It in turn leads to a situation referred to as insulin resistance. The patients will suffer from low levels of insulin which functions as a componentfor the pattern of body sugar (Feinglos, 2008). The number of islets of Langerhans in the pancreas is normal or somewhat reduced. It is mostly characterized by hyper glycemia that is associated with the insufficient or dysfunctional insulin present in the body (Thomas, 2013). Abnormal coagulation, hypertension and diabetic dyslipidemia are also commonly reported to signify the occurrence of type II diabetes mellitus. The increased number of obesity cases has seen the diagnosis of diabetes mellitus type II in teenagers and young adults (Feinglos, 2008). In cases when the patient is not obese, there is a presence of high fat distribution in the body (Feinglos, 2008).People suffering from Type II diabetes mellitus, unlike type I diabetes, do not need regular injections of insulin (Thomas, 2013). The management of type II diabetes involves the control of the increased levels of blood sugar. It is, however, important to note that the reduction of the sugar levels should not surpass the normal blood sugar levels.Because most of the patients are overweight, exercise, a proper balanced diet and reduction of weight is fundamental in the management of typ e II diabetes mellitus (Feinglos, 2008).Pioglitazone Pioglitazone is a drug belonging to a separate of thiazolidinediones and is used in the management and of type II diabetes mellitus (Schatz, 2000). Since the body is unable to control the increasing levels of sugar in the blood, pioglitazone is used to increase the sensitivity to insulin (Feinglos, 2008). The drug, however, does not cure the diabetes mellitus but only helps the body in maintainingnormalblood sugar levels. It is an oral formulation and gouge be taken twice fooling with or without taking meals (Schatz, 2000). It is able to achieve this by inhibiting the hepatic gluconeo factorsis process and also increase peripheral and splanchnic glucose uptake which implies that there is a minimum occurrence of increased blood sugar levels (Feinglos, 2008). It effects can be seen in the short term and also in the long-term (Schatz, 2000). The use of pioglitazone can be done according to the doctors prescription. It also im portant to inform the doctor before stopping the use or if any complications turn off while using pioglitazone.The development of pioglitazone is based on the discovery of gene SOCS3 (Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3) (Schatz, 2000). The elevation of the gene causes interferon resistance that in turn causes insulin resistance in the liver. Depletion of this gene has been made possible by pioglitazone which results in the reduced insulin resistance in the liver although it may cause systemic insulin resistance (Schatz, 2000). The suppression of gene SOCS3 by pioglitazone gives it the antiglycemic and ant diabetic property hence it has bee used in the management of the two cases.ReferencesThomas, M. (2013).Understanding type 2 diabetes Fewer highs fewer lows better health. Wollombi, N.S.W Exisle Publishing.Feinglos, M. N., & Bethel, M. A. (2008).Type 2 diabetes mellitus An evidence-based approach to practical management. Totowa, NJ Humana Press.Schatz, H. (2000).Pioglitazone From d iscovery to clinical practice. Heidelberg BarthSource document

Obesity in China

Obesity in China? From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to navigation, search A McDonalds Chinese New Year meal. American fast-food outlets have been blamed for the increase in fleshiness in China. 1 Obesity in China is a major(ip) health concern according to the WHO, with overall rates of corpulency below 5% in the country, but gr wipe outer than 20% in some cities. 2 This is a dramatic change from successions when China experienced famine as a result from ineffective agriculturalization plans such as the Great Leap Forward. 3 Currently, obesity in China is mostly confined to the cities where fast food culture and globalization have taken over, in comparison to poorer rural aras. Despite this stringency of obesity, the sheer size of Chinas tribe means that over single fifth of all one billion obese muckle in the world rise up from China. 4 Contents hide * 1 Issues * 2 Response and prospects * 3 Action and Policy * 4 See alike * 5 References * 6 Further reading * 7 Ex ternal links edit IssuesStatistics from the Chinese Health Ministry have revea direct that urban Chinese boys age 6 are 2. 5inches taller and 6. 6 pounds heavier on average than Chinese city boys 30 years ago. A leading child-health researcher, Ji Chengye, has stated that, China has entered the era of obesity. The speed of increment is shocking. 1 Economic expansion and the increase in living standards as a result has seen food intake increase on average in the cities and the growth of automation and persuade has seen less animal(prenominal) labor.Rapid motorization has drastically visitd levels of cycling and walking in China. A 2002 report has revealed a direct correspondence between ownership of motorized transport by households in China and increasing obesity related troubles in children and adults. 5 The introduction of processed foods through globalisation in China and the occupation of obesity is a recent phenomenon, as only 45 years ago the country faced starvation du ring the leadership of Mao Zedong. 1 However while mal forage has been mostly ended in cities today, millions of rural poor, especially in rural estern China are still a far cry from the enigma facing the cities. 1 The problem is affecting the young generations although some sources indicate the problem is worse with those between 35 and 59 where more than half are now weighty in cities, a figure similar to that in industrialised countries. 6 However, they state that the younger generations are increasingly at risk. Today, 8% of 10- to 12-year-olds in Chinas cities are considered obese and an additive 15% are overweight, according to Chinese Ministry of Education. 1 Similarly, A 2006 study conducted by University of Southern California found that the average body fat of Hong Kong Children was 21 percent, an alarmingly high number. 7 edit Response and prospects A KFC outlet in Hohhot, China According to Wang Longde, the Chinese vice health minister, the problem is that the race d oes not have decorous awareness and lacks knowledge of nutrition and what constitutes a reasonable diet. 8 The government is attempting to reduce the problem with building more shoo-ingrounds and passing a law with requires students to exercise or play sports for an hour a day at school. 1 Chen Chunming, an expert at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has warned against the rapid growth of American fast-food outlets in China saying, Dont take children to eat fast food like McDonalds and KFC. 1 De-emphasis on sports likewise plays an definitive part in the rise of obesity in China. some(prenominal) Chinese pot look at the way they advance in life is getting a better education so they can get a better job. The heavy emphasis on schoolwork and the pressure to do so overmuch into that direction keeps children away from play and from physical activity. 7 Fat farms, where children try to sweat off their excess weight have grown since the 1990s. In 2000, 100 mill ion people were reported to subscribe from high blood pressure and 26 million with diabetes. These figures were predicted to double within a decade, with doctors warning that obesity could become Chinas biggest health threat for next generations. 69 edit Action and Policy Due to the current cultural views on obesity there is a significant need for anti-obesity education.Obesity is often associated with prosperity, thus there is a need for a widespread attitude shift to decrease the current rising rates. Perhaps resulting from the famines of generations past, food, specifically high-fat foods, are now seen as a marvelous item. With growing incomes in Chinese society, families are not able to afford these unhealthy but highly desired foods resulting in increasing rates of enjoyment of high-fat diets. 10 As a major contributor to the spread of obesity, these high-fat diets are creating a major public health problem across the country.There are currently a few initiatives in fix th at could help combat this problem, but because of its magnitude, it is likely that more improvements are needed. The Chinese Nutrition Society1 is providing nutrition education by creating dietetic guidelines to help consumers make more healthy modus vivendi choices. These guidelines become useful in assisting the population in adopting healthy eating habits which can be an important preventative measure against obesity. Additionally, the Chinese government is currently mandating programs in schools to deal with the growing problem of obesity in the younger generations. Eat Smart at School is a campaign that was launched during the 2006-2007 school year, which aims to cultivate healthy eating practices to promote lifestyle changes in the educational setting. This program is also an important fall upon in teaching healthy lifestyle strategies that can promote long-term changes in these childrens lives. 2 Localizing community based interventions could help address the macroscopic, diverse population in China. China is currently trying to utilize community based interventions through The National Plan of Action for Nutrition in China3.This demonstrates an extensive manakin organizing food-based policies relating to the countrys nutrition and health issues. Some of the policies work towards promoting healthy diets and lifestyles while also providing incentives to food growers. Implementing nationwide social programs on public nutrition through push-down storage media, public campaigns and community based promotions are potentially effective mediums towards combating obesity in China. Chinas centralized government has a unique ability to make rapid policy changes where they can enforce public nutrition policy and regulate food supply.The rapid growing food market of fast food chains is a huge contributor to the increase in obesity rates in China. Potentially, a price policy could be a strategic model for raising the price on unhealthy foods in an attempt to shift food consumption patterns to accomplish health objectives and reduce the consumption of high fat foods. Through price policy, China can focus on controlling the external influence of international products on traditional Chinese dietary patterns and help manage the obesity trends and patterns due to the increase of westboundized foods and fast food chainsObesity in China Waistlines are Expanding Twice as sporting as gross domestic product China is experiencing a record high obesity rate, which means millions are becoming obese each year. , by Sky Patterson era Published 04/08/2011 Photo by ernop. Used under Creative Commons. In the U. S, were used to hearing about our massive weight crisis with more than 74 percent of adults age 15 and older classified as overweight, the American culture and media landscape have become fixated on finding new diets, procedures, and lifestyle changes to address the dilemma.But what is rapidly becoming ap arouse is that we are not the on ly country coping with our expanding waistlines. In China, the prevalence of being overweight is actually dramatically outpacing the growth of its GDP. According to the World Bank, Chinas US $4. 99 trillion GDP in 2009 was a remarkable 181 percent increase from its 2005 GDP (US $2. 75 trillion). The number of obese people in China is growing even faster. There are nearly 100 million obese people in China today, more than five times the number in 2005, when 18 million were obese. The definition of being overweight is having a body mass index of 25 or greater.According to the World Health Organizations Global Info Database, for those ages 15 and older, 45 percent of males in China and 32 percent of females were overweight, or an average of 38. 5 percent of the 2010 population. This is a sharp increase from the 2002 statistic of 25 percent. With an overweight percentage of 38 percent and rising, mainland China is pedestal to a staggering 380 million-plus people with weight problems. A nd studies show that the problem is becoming increasingly prevalent among youth, and may largely define urban Chinas near-term future.Robert Girandola, a professor of kinesiology at the University of Southern California, conducted a 2006 study, titled Prevalence of Obesity and Body Composition in Hong Kong Children, researching the body fat percentage of 3,000 nine-year-olds. He found that the average body fat of these children was 21 percent, an alarmingly high number. These are pre-pubertal children, and pre-pubertal you should not see numbers like that, says Girandola. He also added that the problem will only grow worse as these children start to develop symptoms of the chronic diseases associated with obesity, including diabetes and high blood pressure.In addition to diabetes and high blood pressure, other right health implications related to obesity include a higher risk of cancer, heart disease and diabetes. The latter disease is rapidly becoming more liberal in China. A Mar ch 2010 New England Journal of Medicine study estimated that 9. 7 percent of the countrys population has diabetes, a figure that is coda to that of the U. S. at 11 percent another American Diabetes Association study found similar rates in both countries. Also notable is that of these diabetes cases in China, 60. 7 percent went undiagnosed.The majority of these cases are Type II late onset diabetes, which is directly correlated with being overweight obesity has been found to commit to approximately 55 percent of Type II diabetes cases. Source American Diabetes Association, The Associated Press Paul French, co-author of the recent book Fat China, which chronicles the growing problem of obesity in China, claims that the actual diabetes rate may be as high as 16 percent, with 150 million additional people categorize as pre-diabetic, putting them at a high risk for developing Type II diabetes. There are people in China who say with acupuncture and traditional medicine you can cure dia betes, but there is no proof of that either, says French. Diabetes is some social function that once youve got it, youve got it and you have to manage it the rest of your life. According to a 1992 China National Nutrition Survey, the percentage of men and women classified as overweight, or with a BMI greater than 24, was 17. 4 percent. The government agenda at that time was to gauge the prevalence of underweight individuals, but what they found at the other end of the spectrum ended up being a surprising trend that has proceed ever since.The same survey conducted 10 years later in 2002 showed that 29 percent of individuals were overweight, a 66. 7 percent increase. What is causing the Chinese population to grow overweight at such an alarming rate? Contrary to the U. S. where obesity is concentrated more heavily among poorer people, Chinas obesity problem is largely defined by what French terms a wealth-deficit problem. Specifically, the richer you get, the fatter you are. In rur al China, the prevalence of being overweight and having diabetes is naturally lower. However, in the cities, a big number of people own cars and televisions.Not only are these luxuries symbols of wealth, but they also greatly decrease physical activity, resulting in higher rates of obesity and diabetes in urban areas. Athena Foong, an epidemiology researcher at the University of Southern Californias Institute for Global Health explains, Its a very communal thing in Asia, if you see someone having that, you want to have that too so if theyre telling you that, we just enjoyed a super duper meal at McDonalds and that becomes a fanciful thing to do, you want to do it too. But what about physical activity and sports in China?Peaking during the 2008 Beijing Olympics, China has been making large strides on the international sports front. However, among the general population, this is not necessarily the case. As French says, With the Olympics in China, rather than encouraging more people to take part in sport, it basically sent out the message that sport was an elite activity, and if you play sports, you better win gold medals the idea of just a bunch of kids zip around playing games was considered a waste of time. Foong also adds that this de-emphasis on sports and physical activity starts from childhood, and carries on to later life. The only way people look at the way you advance in life is getting a better education so you can get a better job, and sports is not considered a job. Parents may dote on their only children, but they also hold them to high academic standards in order to achieve a better life. Its not that they want to force their kids into going to school, and then doing these extra school classes, and on the weekends having a tutor, explains Foong. Its just the pressure to do so much into that direction and away from play, from physical activity, from all that. This emphasis on schoolwork at the expense of play and organized sports parallels the rise in obesity in China. Foong adds that it is not merely as simple as telling parents, You guys can just stop worrying too much about getting obedient grades because thats the path that everyones already on that train has already left the station. Two or three generations ago, China suffered a nutrition challenge. Many people suffered malnutrition, went hungry and were underweight. Fast-forward to the present and conditions are swiftly becoming the opposite.In Chinas larger cities, where roads were once exclusively filled with bikes, cars pack the streets 24 hours a day. And in addition to having more cars, city streets are also now lined with fast food restaurants, the ubiquity of which is one cause of obesity in China. It is easy to find a local McDonalds, Pizza Hut or Starbucks ready to serve up fast food to the masses. In fact, Yum Brands, the parent company of fast food leaders such as McDonalds, Pizza Hut and KFC, opened more than 500 restaurants in China in 2009, and exp ects to one day have more than 20,000 restaurants there.Source National statistical offices, Euromonitor International Alongside Chinas meteoric economic rise and fast food market growth in the last two decades, the lifestyle of the Chinese people has changed dramatically. For example, aside from a greater array of food options, the Chinese are humoring their children because state policy has shrunk family sizes while economic progress has given urban families higher disposable incomes. Families and their children have become less bustling. These various changes have led to an equally fast climb in modern health problems.Obesity is a plague facing the developed world that leads to other complications such as diabetes and hypertension, which place an enormous pressure on the healthcare system. And in China, much like the rest of the world, the problem is only growing. What are ordinary Chinese doing to solve the problem of growing waistlines? Put simply, not much. Or at least not m uch that seems to be working. Says French, The three things that people are doing at the moment, none of these things are particularly sensible. Those three main things are unreasonable fat camps, which provide limited results for children using contrived and sometimes dangerous methods, unregulated and ineffective slimming pills that come about mainly body water, and cosmetic surgery which treats the symptoms but not the problem. Solving the problem is not merely a matter of execution and practicality, but also a cultural and social one as well. One change that must take place is that people need to find ways to eat more healthily, especially since it is difficult to exercise enough to work off certain foods.However, this is a lot easier said than done when the Chinese affinity for Western fast food brands is increasing, and on the flip side, Western companies are increasingly eager to tap into the Chinese market. Taking on a more active lifestyle is another important measure to help mitigate the problem. The solution is very simple, says Girandola. People have to be more active. Is that going to happen? I doubt it. People are not going to go back to bicycles again, not when they basically have a car. So what can one expect from China in the near future?There are many possible solutions, but when the public cares more about eating tasty and agreeable food, climbing the socioeconomic ladder and relishing newfound wealth, nothing will come easily. Fast food is also not going to disappear. One example of this is a new trend that has emerged in Hong Kong, dubbed McWeddings, wherein local McDonalds restaurants provide wedding reception services to young couples. Over the long term, in is also necessary to make school curriculum changes in schools to promote healthy habits. The key largely lies in children, who may be more able to houseclean up and maintain healthy habits than adults. Once you get overweight, its very hard to suddenly turn it around, explains Girandola. Thats why you got to solve it beforehand people have to be proactive rather than reactive. As China rapidly modernizes, it will inevitably encounter the problems that first-world countries face. Unfortunately, the arduous path to relieving Chinas overweight problem and ensuing health issues will not be nearly as smooth as the road that got it there. Sky Patterson is a senior at the University of Southern California majoring in East Asian Languages and C

Athanasius Biography Essay

Athanasius is counted as one of the four great doctors of the church in the Roman Catholic church as well as one of the great doctors of the church in Eastern Orthodoxy where he is also labeled the flummox of Orthodoxy. He is also celebrated by many Protestant who label him as Father of the Canon, Athanasius is venerated as Christian saint whose feast day is May 2 in western community. May 5 is the Coptic orthodox church and January 18 is the other Eastern orthodox churches.St. Athanasius was born in the city of Alexandria or possibly the nearby Nile delta town of Damanhur, California 296-298. It is speculated that his parents were moneyed enough to afford giving him an esteemed secular learning. He came from a Christian family despite accounts to the contrary as in his writings, he tells more than in one case of an aunt. who taught him some principles of the Christian faith, and a father who did the same as well as mentioning (once), his mother doing the same.He has a Christian br other and later in his sustenance is one of his exiles, he hid in his fathers tomb in what appears to be describe as a Christian cemetery.He knew Greeks and he admits to not cho delectationing Hebrew. The old will he quotes frequently came from the Septuagint Greek translation his knowledge of the old testament is limited to the Septuagint. He was able to write a letter in exile with no access to a copy of the scriptures and quote from a memory verse in the old testament. The combination of biblical study and a Greek learning was characteristic of the famous Alexandrian school of element, origin Dionysius and Theognostus. It was from St. black lovage of Alexandria.Bishop of Alexandria 312-328 him self an Origenist that St. Athanasius received his main instruction. His earliest work against heathens on the Incarnation, bears traces of origenist, Alexandrian thought save in an orthodox way.The Alexandria of his boyhood was an epitome, intellectually, morally and politically of the ethnically diverse Greco Roman World. St. Athanasius sympathizems to have been brought early in life downstairs the immediate supervision of the ecclesiastical authorities of his native city.He was ordained deacon by the contemporary patriarch Alexandria. In 319-325, he served as a horse parsleys secretary at the first council of Nicaea, already recognized theologian and ascetic. He was the devious choice to replace alexander as the Patriarch of Alexandria on the latters dealth in 328. Despite the opposition of the followers of the Arius and Meletius of Lycopolis. Athanasius spent the first five years of his patriarchate visualizeing the churches of his territory which at that time accommodated all of Egypt and Libya.During this period he established contacts with the hermits and monks of the dessert including Pachomius. Athanasius became occupied with the disputes with Byzantine Empire and Arians which occupy much of his life. Athanasius first problem reside with the melet ians who had failed to abide by the terms of the decision made at the first council of Nicaea which had hoped to reunite them with the church. Athanasius himself was accused of mistreating Arians and the followers of Meletius of Lycopolis. On the destruction of emperor Constantine I, Athanasius was allowed to return to his see of Alexandria shortly after Constantine son. The new Roman Emperor Constantius II renewed the order for Athanasius banishment in 338. Athanasius went to Rome where he was under the protection of constans, the Emperor of the West.Pope Julius wrote the supporters of Arius strongly urging the rein-statement of Athanasius but the effort proved to be in vain.He called a synod in Rome in the year 341 to approach the matter and at that meeting, Athanasius found to be innocent of all the charges raised against him. Julius also called the council of sardica in 343. This council confirmed the decision of the earlier Roman synod and clearly indicated that the particip ants apothegm St. Athanasius as the lawful patriarch of Alexandria.Athanasius to return to Alexandria, Athanasius return was welcomed by majority of the people of Egypt who had come to view him as a National Hero. During the time Athanasius assembled several(prenominal)(prenominal) documents relating to his exiles and returns from Exile in the Apology against the Arians, however upon constans dealth a civil was broke which left constantius as sole Emperor, renewing his previous policies favoring the Arians that banished Athanasius from Alexandria again.Athanasius left for upper Egypt, where he stayed in several monasteries and other houses. He computed his work Four Orations against the Arians and depended his recent conduct in the apology to Constantius and Apology for his flight. Athanasius received about the persecution of Non Arians by the unfermented Arians, Bishop George of Laodicea prompted Athanasius to write his more Emotional History of the Arians in which he describe Co nstantius as precursor of the anti-Christ. Athanasius work include his two part against the Heathen. The Incarnation of the member of God. They contribute the first classic work of developed orthodox Theology. In the first part, Athanasius attacks several pagan practices and beliefs. The second part presents teaching on the redemption, overly in these books put forward the belief that the Son of God, the eternal word through whom God created the world entered that world in human form to tow men back into the harmony from which they had earlier fall men.His other important works include his letters to Serapion which dealth with the divinity of the Holy Spirit and his classic life of Saint Anthony which was translated into several languages and played an important role in the spreading of the ascetic ideal in Eastern and Western Christianity. He also wrote several works of Biblical Exegesis primarily of volumes in the old testament which are preserved in excerpts regarding the Book of Genesis, The Song of Solomon and Psalms. His works as ascetic include the aforementioned life of Saint Anthony as well as a discourse on virginity, a short work on love and self control and a treatise on sickness and health which is only preserved in fragments.Athanasius letters include one letter concerning the decrees of the council of Nicaea (De Decretis) which is an account of the precedings of that council and another letter in year 367 which was the first known listings of the New Testament. Athanaius anticipates future controversies in defense of the humanity of Christ. Athanasius was not a speculative theologian as he stated in his first letters to Serapion he held unto the tradition teaching and faith proclaimed by the apostles and guarded by the Fathers. He held that not only was the Son of God consubstantial with the father but so was the Holy Spirit which had a great deal of influenced in the development of latter doctrines regarding the trinity Veneration.Arian Con troversyIn about 319 when Athanasius was a deacon a presbyter named Arius came into direct conflict with Alexander of Alexandria. It appears that Arius reproached Alexander for what he felt misguided or heretical teachings being taught by the bishop. Arius Theological views appear to have been firmly rooted in Alexandrian Christianity and his Christological views were certainly not radical at all. He embraced a sub ordinationist Christology that God did not have a beginning but the discussion did heavily influenced by Alexandrian thinkers like origen which was a common Christological view in Alexandria at that time. Support for Arius from authorityful bishops like Elisebios of Caesaria and Eusebios of Nicomedia, further illustrates how Arius sub ordinationist Christology was shared by other Christians in the Empire.Arius was subsequent by excommunicated by alexander and he would begin to visit the support of many bishops who agreed with his position. Athanasius succeeded Alexander as bishop of Alexandria as a result rises and falls of Arianism s influence after the first council of nicae, emperor Constantine banished from alexandrea, but he was restored after the death of Constantine I. Athanasius was restored on at least five separate occasions, perhaps as many as seven, this gave rise to the expression Athanasius contramundun or Athanasius against the world. he spent his final years repairing all the damage done during the earlier years of violence, dissent and exile and returning to his writing and preaching dispassionate on May 373 having consecrated peter II . one of his presbyters as his successor . Athanasius died quietly in his home.Quotes from St. AthanasiusHe saidJesus that I know as my redeemer cannot be less than God. at the council of nicaeBoth from the confession of the evil spirits and from the daily witnesses of his works. It is manifest them and let none presume to dubiety it that its savior has raised his own body and that he is very Son o f God having his being God as from a Father, whose word and wisdom and whose power He is. He it is who in these latter days assumed a body for the salvation of us all. and thought the world concerning the Father, He it is who destroyed death and freely graced us all with incorruption through the promise of the resurrection, having raised His own body as its first fruits and displayed it by the sign of the cross as the monument to his victory over death and its corruption.New Testament canonSt. Athanasius is also the first person to identify the same 27 books of the new testament that are in use today , up until then various similar list of works to be read in churches were in use A canon of New testament book is his Easter letter from Alexandria written in 367 usually referred to as his 39th Festal letter, A Synod in hippo in 393 repeated Athanasius and Damascus New testament list( without the Epistles to the Hebrews and a synod in cartage in 397 repeated Athanasius and Damascus com plete new testament list.

The Black Swan

Before the denudation of Australia, all the ground had never seen a low verify before. An impossible accomplishment in someones life before this period was referred to as a black swan. The mere sight of one black swan after the disco very(prenominal) of Australia negated the thousands of years of spys of white swans and thinking they were the only species of swan. This generalization that was put on the term black swan before the british occupation of Australia is just an pattern of the illustration of the human mind and how one sighting can alter the mindset of thousands of years of thinking.The author Nassim Taleb has donated his whole life to philosophy, uncertainty, probability and finance. Starting as a chauffeur, Nassim worked his way up to become a businessman trader and later a university professor. By using his possibleness of Mediocristan and Extremistan, Taleb explains how the opposition of the highly improbable affects all of us and somebodyally each person has a handful of black swans which alter our lives for the better , or the worse. Mediocristan ar easy to predict events that are easy to mentally compute, while extremistan are events that are unpredictable and affect the universe in a study way.The Black Swan by Nassim Taleb is a nonfiction philosophy earmark that expresses one mans theory on rare human events that happen without warning, hitherto greatly impact the world as we manage it. This book can be seen as a memoir of Talebs life and how his research has been his black swan, and has driven him to take risks and go greater distances than he would have without the incentive.The purpose of this book is to inform the proofreader of the impact of the highly unpredictable. A black swan , in terms of an event has 3 properties, 1. It is laboured to predict based on historical information, 2. Low predictability High consequence , 3. The events are perspectively unpredictable yet retrospectively predictable. The black swan events happen in everyones lives, or at least affect everyone lives. For example one of the most famous black swans in recent history is the invention of the computer and world wide web. Originally seen as a stock bubble by intel, is now a multi million dollar industry and a large part of the world are in contact with it.The book embarks on many slews journeys and encounters with black swans, all encounters were unexpected but altered the peoples lives in a major way. The book takes place in Lebanon but mostly New York, where ironically many of the black swans happen. Having to do with different mathematical formulas, Talebs book hits the major focal points of rare events and that everyone encounters them making all people black swans in there own way.This book should be read by anyone interested in philosophy or the stock grocery. Although people dont see it this way, but the stock market is directly affected by black swans and such things mentioned in the book as Gaussins ships bell curve or mediocristan and extremistan. These formulas and theorys affect the market and affect the life of people. This book was very interesting and after reading it, the reader gets a different view on life and how major events in there life time, ex. ( 9/11, invention of the computer) affect there life and impact there day to day progress as a human being.

Human Relations and Scientific Management

Ha qi K50BF During the period of the nineteen and twenty century, the world industry had reshaped itself with the new present of technology and information modify in new manner. In the complex situation of the economy, F. W Taylor(1856-1917), published his principles in managing which was called Scientific prudence and had been popular as the core managing style for various business models up to now.Scientific Management focuses on tenacious task provision and maximising productivity based on task performance. A few old age after Taylor death, Elton Mayo(1880-1949) made a significant movement in managing perception rooted in Hawthorne s experiences at an electric comp both. The new perception quoted that managing an organisation was not only maximising productivity, it was also active satisfy organisation internal people s needs. By this way or another, there atomic number 18 gain and loss, which will be clarified hereafter.To begin with gain by each approach, Scientific in par ticular, providing logical principles in put to working processes in a manner of analysing discrete tasks, finding one outgo way in practise, choosing suitable people respectively to accomplish the tasks. By this way, clear tasks were for clear individuals which helps change magnitude productivity by assigning right people for the right lines, avoiding responsibility denying and easier in measuring work performance.Scientific Management was the orthodox foundation in modern business management models. Later revolution in managing had relied on its principles up to now. Besides that, Human relations set out did have pretty several(predicate) in perception. It had pointed out the important in human behaviour at work and the development of management thinking. In this case, managers behaviour was a vital aspect of motivation and improved performance.Furthermore, maintaining bully relation among group of people, sharing feelings with staffs emphasised on the needs of social orga nization and generating working motivation as well as creating somehow group values and norm. The importance of organization has been pushed up to a high level that had never mentioned in other Human relations perception. Continuing with the bad sides of both approaches, Scientific Management Approach had ignored the interaction among organisations. Although it motivated employees by monetary reward, it refused to sympathy to employees concerns and feelings.As a result, works became a practise and boring, workers were treated as manufacturing machines, they were made light of dignity then they gradually losing interest in work. In addition, training process was kind of waste money. It was pointed out that, one in eight trainees was capable to job requirements( porter job). In recent practise, Human Relation Approach are popular in any industries, people choosing a job is not only for high salary, but also appreciate to good working environment, extra incentives and social needs fro m organisations.Nowadays, Scientific Management is still relevant to some achievement such as work assignments, salary based performance( in hospitality job). Overall, there are different points in this two conceptions. However, Human relations Approach is seemed that more innovate and practical method in business management. The managers decide to use which method or even combination need to consider unless factors such as major, economy and so on to establish a good strategy. Case count DELL

Bosch company part-A project report Essay

1.1 Autumobile industryThe railroad carmotive industry frames, develops, becomes, markets and sells the knowledge base motor vehicles. In 2008, more(prenominal) than than 70 million motor vehicles, including cars and commercial vehicles were received realnesswide. In 2007, a total of 71.9 million naked educateroad car were sold macrocosmwide. Around the word, there were about 806 million cars and light trucks on the road in 2007 the burn all over 260 gazillion g all toldons of gasoline and diesel arouse course of instructionly. The numbers argon increasing speedily e extraly in India and china.1.2 INDIAAn embryonic automotive industry started in India in the 1940s. However for the next 50 years the growth of the industry was hobbled by the socialist policies and the bureaucratic hurdles of the license. Following, the economic liberalization in India from 1991 and the gradual easing of restrictions on industry, India has seen dynamic 17% annual growth in automobile occupation and 30% annual growth in trade of automotive characters and automobiles. India produces around 2 million automobiles currently. summate turnover of the Indian automobile industry is expected to grow from USF 34 billion in 2006 to 122 billion in 2016. Tata labors has launched Tata Nano, the cheapest car in d world at USD 2200.Indian automotive industry is add a signifi dejectiont portion to overall Indians GDP. This heavens is growing and promising a lucrative future. self-propelling sector as intumesce provides wide line of merchandise and employment opportunities. With the liberalization of economy, the decades old monopolistic environment of the Indian automotive industry where only a handful of vehicle models were in stock(predicate) with a long waiting list, gradually gave track to a highly competitive, complex and rapidly changing market which was not special to internal market alone.To twenty-four hours the number of vehicle models available argon more than hundred and not a month goes without offerings of newer and more advanced mode.Ironically for the Indian automotive industry, the be of technology  using has increased manifold and increasing produce cost has put a squeeze on get margin affecting their ability to outsource expensive technologies. Moreover, the technologies ar not so easily available from distant .Instead of giving a license or setting up joint ventures with an industry, many purposely ren accepted automobile makers have started extend toment in India to take advant maturate of grate commercial opportunities Indian market offer. Even in the lively joint venture, the control has slowing moved into hands of MNCs.Indian automotive industry urgently needs technologies to produce fuel efficient, environmental friendly, lighter, safer and cost competitive engines, and vehicles. modernistic material and manufacturing techniques, technologies for using alternative fuels, emission abatement, fuel economy i mprovement, safety enhancement, engine oversight systems, and implant vehicle control system are some of the domains where we must focus our efforts.1.3 AT PRESENT, INDIA IS THE WORLDSLargest tractor and three wheel vehicle producerSecond largest two wheel vehicle producer fourthly largest commercial vehicle producerEleventh largest passenger car producer.CHAPTER- 2COMPANY PROFILE2.1 solid ground AND INCEPTION OF THE COMPANYBOSCH meeting founded in 1886 in Germany as a workshop for precision mechanism and Electrical engineering by Robert BOSCH Group. The BOSCH Group today is the largest automotive technology supplier in the world with a global group turnover of 47.3 billion Euros in the automotive technology, industrial technology, consumer goods and twists technology in the fiscal 2010.Robert BOSCH Group GmbH is a widely known troupe the world over, with presence across sestet continents. It has more than 300 subsidiaries and regional companies in over 60 countries. If its&nb spsale and service partners are included, because Bosch is represented in roughly 150 countries. Bosch operates 260 manufacturing locations worldwide of these 200 are located outside Germany in Europe, North and South America, Asia, and Australia. The connection employs more than 283, vitamin D associates worldwide.The name Bosch is synonymous with intent in automotive technology, industrial technology and consumer goods and building technology. The attach to is not just famous for automotive technology products like Gasoline, contour systems and simple machine electronics, it is likewise a innovate in the regions of automation technology, metal technology, packaging technology, advocator tools, estrus technology, sign hold appliances, car multimedia systems and security systems. In 2010, BOSCH Group filed 3800 patent applications across the globe.The special ownership structure of the BOSCH Group guarantees financial independence and entrepreneurial freedom of the Bosch group, making it possible for the company to plan over the longterm and to undertake signifi washbowlt up front investments in the safeguarding of its future. 92% of the divides capital of Robert Bosch GmbH is held by Robert Bosch sifting GmbH, the charitable foundation.The slogan Invented for Life is part of its long tradition, through which it communicates the Groups core competencies and vision, that includes technological lead, modernity, dynamics, and superior and customer orientation.2.2 ABOUT BOSCH LIMITEDBosch has been present in India for more than 80 years first via representative office in Calcutta since 1992, and then from 1951 via its subsidiary Bosch Limited (formerly Motor Industries Company Limited) Bosch Limited (then MICO) began operations with a two man team in Chennai its activities were importing and marketing BOSCH Group automotive products. Soon after the company set up a manufacturing plant for sparkplugs and fuel blastoff equipment fordiesel engines in Bangalore.Bosch Limited today is the countrys largest auto fragment constrainr and also one of the largest Indo-German companies in India. The BOSCH Group holds shut out to 71.18% chance in Bosch Limited. The company is headquartered in Bangalore with manufacturing facilities in Bangalore, Nasik, Naganathapura, Jaipur and recently-opened installment in Goa. The plants are TS 16949 and ISO 14004 Certified. Bosch Limited has its presence across automotive technology, industrial technology and consumer goods and building technology, with strength of over 11,700 associates. The company recorded a turnover of Rs. 6630 crores in 2010.The company has excellent R& adenosine monophosphateD and manufacturing capabilities and a strong customer base. Its market leadership is testimony to the high quality and technology of its products. It also has a strong presence in the Indian automotive services sector. Boschs service network spans across 1,000 towns and cities with 5000 sales outlets and over 4,000 authorized representatives who manipulate widespread availability of twain products and services.Bosch Ltd Bosch is also represented by five other group companies in India. 1.Robert Bosch engineer and Business Solutions Ltd Robert Bosch railway locomotiveering and Business Solutions Ltd., a 100% subsidiary of Robert Bosch GmbH, which is present in India since 1998, has emerged as one of the largest Bosch development centres outside Germany. It provides end to end engineering and technology solutions for all the line of credit sectors of automotive technology, industrial technology, consumer goods and building technology.2.Bosch Rexroth India Ltd Bosch Rexroth India Ltd., open up in 1974 in India, serves customers through its manufacturing facilities and service centres in Ahmadabad and Bangalore. 3.Bosch Chassis systems India Ltd Bosch Chassis Systems India Ltd., established in 1982 as Kalyani Brakes Limited in India, is amongst the leading manufacturers of brakes in the country. It currently manufactures a tell of hydraulic Brake Systems meeting the stringent quality norms of many leading Indian and internationalist vehicle manufacturers.4.Bosch self-propelling electronics India mystic Ltd Bosch automotive electronics India Private Ltd. is a 100% subsidiary of Bosch Group and is engaged in the manufacture and sale of electronic devices and electronic control units. The Company is ground at Naganathapura in Bangalore. 5.Bosch Electrical Drives India Private Ltd Bosch Electrical Drives India Private Ltd. is a joint venture company. It drives for miscellaneous automotive applications such as windowpane lift drive, wiper system, engine cooling fans etc.Robert Bosch WorldwideThe Bosch Group is one of the worlds biggest private industrial corporations. Headquartered in Stuttgart, Germany, the Bosch Group has some 280,000 Executives worldwide, and generated annual sales revenue of 38.2 billion Euros in 2009. There are about 300 s ubsidiary and regional companies around the world.History of Bosch1886 Opening of store for Precision Mechanics and Electrical Engineering in Stuttgart on 15 November 1887 introductory low-voltage magneto from Bosch for stationary petrol engines 1897 First low-voltage magneto ignition for motor vehicle internal conflagration engines 1901 First plant in Stuttgart1902 First commercially viable high-voltage spark plug1906 return of 100,000th magneto ignition1906 Introduction of eight-hour working(a) day1910 Opening of plant in Stuttgart-Feuerbach1913 Start of outturn of headlights1918 Ameri git assets seized later become Ameri asshole Bosch Magneto 1926 Start of production of windscreen wipers1927 First diesel fuel dig pump1929 First TV Set from Fernseh AG division1932 Formation of Junkers & vitamin A Co.1932 First spring drill from Bosch1932 First Blaupunkt car audio1936 First diesel fuel injection pump for passenger cars, such as the Mercedes-Benz 260D 1942 Death of the comp any founder Robert Bosch on 12 borderland 1962 Worcester Bosch Group opens in England1964 Robert Bosch Foundation1970 Company headquarter moves to Gerlingen1976 First oxygen sensors1978 Worldwide first Anti-lock Braking System (ABS)1979 First electronic engine management system (Motronic) 1982 Company acquires photographic equipment division from Braun AG 1986 clasp control system (TCS) on the market1995 Acquisition of Atco-Qualcast Ltd1995 First Electronic Stability bidding Electronic Stability Program (ESP) 1997 Common rail diesel fuel injection2000 DI-Motronic gasoline direct injection system2003 Acquisition of Buderus AG2003 Digital car radio with MP3 drive and digital recorder (Blaupunkt) 2003 The system of the Robert Bosch Tool Corporation and acquisition of S-B Power Tool Corporation and Vermont American Corporation including the brand names for Bosch Power Tools, Skill Power Tools, Dremel, Vermont-American, Primark brands, and Gilmours 2004 Third-generation public rai l diesel injection for cars, with piezo injectors 2004 Bosch opens new Technology totality in Abstatt2006 Bosch acquires Telex Communications, a maker of hearing aids, headsets and audio equipment, and partners with Daewoo to build Bosch refrigerators in Mexico 2007 The Bosch Communications Systems business unit is created to manage the brands and products of former Telex Communications 2008 Tata Nano, the $2,500 Peoples elevator car powered by Bosch-designed engine is unveiled at railway car Expo in New Delhi. Bosch plans to acquire majority stake in Ersol photovoltaics. 2009 Bosch acquires LR Nelson, a maker of lawn and garden products, including ponds, and merges the Gilmours and Nelson brands into Bosch Garden and Watering.2009 Manufacture of Electronic Control whole and Anti lock Brake System. 2010 Bosch started production of predictive emergency braking system, which alert of emergencies & deoxyadenosine monophosphate mechanically applies brakes if needed 2010 Launch of A40 00 pump meeting BS3 norms of commercial vehicles in India2.3 NATURE OF BUSINESS CARRIED automotive TechnologyBusiness divisions Diesel and Gasoline Fuel Injection Systems, Car Multimedia Systems, Auto Electricals and Accessories, newbies and Generators, slide fastener and Body Systems. industrial TechnologyBusiness divisions Packaging Machines, Special Purpose Machines, Solar Energy Consumer near(a)s and building TechnologyBusiness divisions Power Tools, Security Systems2.4 BOSCH VISIONCreating Value Sharing ValuesAs a leading technology and services company, we take advantage of Bosch global opportunities for a strong and meaningful development. Bosch breathing in is to enhance the quality of life with solutions that are two innovative and beneficial. We focus on Bosch core competencies in automotive and industrial technologies as well as in products and services for professional and private use.We filter for sustained economic success and a leading market strength in all t hat we do. entrepreneurial freedom and financial independence allow Bosch actions to be guided by a long-term perspective. In the spirit of Bosch founder, we particularly demonstrate social and environmental responsibility wherever we do business.Bosch customers choose us for Bosch innovative strength and efficiency, for Bosch reliability and quality of work. Bosch brass sectional structures, processes, and leadership tools are clear and effective, and promote the requirements of Bosch various businesses. We act according to crude principles. We are strongly determined to jointly strive the conclusions we have hold upon.As associates worldwide, we feel a special bond in the determine we live by day for day. The variation of Bosch cultures is a source of additional strength. We experience Bosch task as challenging, we are dedicated to our work, and we are proud to be part of Bosch.2.4.1 BOSCH MISSIONBeQIK Be Better, Be Bosch Profit secures our growthQuality triggerCustome r OrientationBeQIK gives us the bearing for our actions. Our objective is to continuously improve all our internal processes so that growth and economic success can be secured in the long term. BeQIKQuality is our most trusted assetInnovation today ensures businesses tomorrowCustomer orientation inspires customers and associatesBeBetterWe want continuous improvementWe want to be better than our competitorsBeBoschWe offer outstanding products and services worldwideWe keep our promises2.4.2 QUALITY POLICYWe gain to exceed the expectations of our customers by offering products and services of high quality standards. Quality encompasses our assets throughout their life cycle, and our initiatives towards environmental protection and safety. We effectively deploy methods and told to provide cost effective solutions to meet our quality objectives. We involve our business partners in our endeavor towards improvements across the supply chain.Quality PrinciplesOur goal is to fully satisfy our customers expectations through our quality of our products and services. Quality and quality improvements is every associates responsibility and ultimate goal from our board of directors to their apprentices. Our directives, processes, systems and goals are based on requirements from international standards, consumers expectation, our knowledge and experience.Knowledge of and compliance with these directives and processes in the foundation of our quality. Quality means doing right in the beginning thus obstructing failures in the end. Continues improvements for quality of processes lowers be and improves productivity. Avoiding failure is more important that eliminating defects. We systematically apply methods and tools, preventive quality assurance systematically, learn from mistakes and prevent their root causes without delays. Our suppliers contri excepte systematically to the quality of our products and services. Therefore our suppliers have to live up to standards we have adopted.2.5 merchandise/SERVICE PROFILEProduct RangeA. Automotive Technology Robert BoschDiesel SystemsCommon lead System for passenger cars, commercial vehicles & deoxyadenosine monophosphate off-highway vehicles Axial Distribution injection pumpsMulti Cylinder Inline Injection Pumps (PE)Single-Cylinder Injection Pumps (PF)Elements manner of speaking Values (DV)GovernorsInjection Timers for PE pumpsFuel Filter & adenine Water SeparatorsGlow EquipmentElectronic Control UnitGasoline systemElectronic Control UnitFuel InjectorsLambda SensorsEngine Speed SensorsKnock Sensors vitriolic Film Air Mass MeterPressure RegulatorsCVT BeltsConnectors & other plastic moveStarters & Generators (Auto Electrical)Starter MotorsGeneratorsSpark Plugs Spark plugs for 2, 3 and 4 wheelers and industrial applications Long Life Plugs Nickel wye & Twin Electrode evidence Equipment & DiagnosticsFuel Injection Pump Calibration Test BenchesNozzle TesterAuto Electrical Test BenchDiagnostic T ool KTS seriesEngine Analyzer FSA seriesEngine Analyzer BEA seriesChassis System CheckBattery emolument EquipmentWide range of service tools for unit & vehicle repairsSoftware / T to each one ware ESI ( tronic ), MSI, K-CDB. Industrial TechnologyIndustrial EquipmentSpecial Purpose metal Cutting / Grinding / Honing / Lapping/ Super cultivation machines. Semi / Fully Automatic Assembly MachinesSemi / Fully Automatic Inspection & amount EquipmentCleaning MachinesElectro-Chemical MachinesTools, Gauges & FixturesExhaust Gas Re-circulating Unit (EGR)Test EquipmentBosch Packaging MachinesVertical Form gratify & Seal MachinesDosing System Cup Filler, Auger Filler, Weighed & Pump Pharmaceutical Packaging MachinesConfectionary bear on & Packaging MachinesC. Consumer Goods & Building TechnologyBosch Power ToolsConstruction ToolsWood Working ToolsMetal Working ToolsCordless ToolsDo- It Yourself ToolsLawn & Garden Tools spunky Pressure Water JetsSpecialty Tools Pneumatic ToolsHigh Frequency ToolsAutomation TechnologyAccessories for all ToolsFischer Fixing SystemBosch Security SystemsFire Detection infraction Detection SystemCCTV SurveillanceAccess ControlIntegrated Security Management & BIS globe Address & Emergency Sound System2.6 AREA OF OPERATIONThe Bosch Group is one of the worlds biggest private industrial corporations. Headquartered at Stuttgart, Germany. There are about 300 subsidiary and regional companies around the world. In India, Bosch is a leading supplier of technology and services, and has a strong presence in the country at numerous locations in diverse industry segments.Bosch Limited is Indias largest auto component manufacturer and also one of the largest Indo German company in India. Bosch Limited has a strong countrywide service network which spans across 1,000 towns and cities with over 4,000 authorized representations to ensure widespread availability of both products and services. The company is headquartered in Bangalore with manufacturing facilities at Bangalore, Naganathapura (near Bangalore), Nasik, Jaipur and Goa. Number of Branches in IndiaBosch manufacturing facilities are located in Bangalore with state of the art plants in Bangalore, Naganathapura, Nasik, Jaipur and Goa. All the 5 plants are TS 16949 and ISO certified. Bangalore layManufactures multi cylinder, PE pumps, mechanical governors, elements, delivery valves, special purpose machines, packaging machines, power tools and get out foray into the production of common rail pumps from 2006 onwards. Built areas 109.948m2Land area 311.140m2Employees more than 5500Nagnathapura PlantRBIN (Bosch Ltd. India) Naganathapura Plant, inaugurated in the year 1990, is the 3rd plant among the 4 plant of RBIN. The plant houses productions hangars for Spark Plugs, Glow Equipment, Starter Motors, Alternators, Regulators and PF Pumps. Portions of the plant are leased out to RBAI and Bosch Training Center. Built area 47.494m2Land area 266.100 m2Employees more than 1279Nasik PlantSet up in 1969 is specialized in manufacture of clinical and Euro series of nozzles and injectors to automobile industries recently the Nasik Plant has ventured into the production of CRI ports catapulted by Bosch Endeavour in common rail technology. Built area 67617mLand area 405.060m2Employees more than 2500Jaipur PlantSet up in 1999 the Jaipur plant manufactures BE (Mechanical) pumps for domestic market and export purpose. The VE pump (Distributor fuel injection pump) is designed to meet Bharat state 11 & Euro 11 emission norms. These pumps are used in 3-6 cylinder vehicles. Built area 16345m2Land area 202350m2Employees more than 1200COUNTRIES COVEREDMiddle-East and Africa (UAE, EGYPT, KENYA), Neighboring countries (Sri Lanka, Bangladesh,) South East Asia (Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia).2.7 OWNERSHIP PATTERNSince 1964, Boschs majority stockholder has been Robert Bosch Stiftung GmbH, a charitable foundation. The Stiftung carries on the ch aritable and social endeavors of the companys founder in coetaneous form. It sees itself as a foundation that pursues its objectives both with programs and institutions of its own, and by supporting suitable projects and initiatives proposed by others for tackling the tasks faced by society.Today, the Robert Bosch Stiftung, a charitable foundation, holds a 92 percent stake in the share capital of Robert Bosch GmbH. The share dividend received by the foundation is used exclusively for charitable purposes, i.e. to support planetary medical care, international understanding, social work, training and education.2.8 COMPETITORS INFORMATIONModi ChampionDelphiDensoDoowonElectrexNipponNGKSiemens VDOZexelCav EnglandLucasTVS2.9 INFRASTRUCTURAL FACILITIESBosch infrastructure is one of the best in the country. The single(a) work place is designed as per the international standards which make the employees feel comfortable, proud, happy and safe. wellness check FacilitiesMedical centre works round the clock and also provides a 24 hours ambulance service The company has also associated with important hospitals, labs and senior medical consultants in the city for the treatment of the employees They are provided with annual master health check-upSpecial schemes like hospitalization scheme, Manipal hospital scheme and Medical reimbursement scheme are provided to the employeesCanteen Facilities nutrient is provided to all the employees and 24hrs a day providing breakfast, lunch, dinner, tea/coffee and snacks for 8500 employees in 4 shifts. It is well equipped and try-on for more than 1500 persons at a time The food provided in the agreement is 100% hygiene.Workings of the mobile canteen is guided by an advisory committeeTransportation FacilitiesThe company provides transport facilities for employees Library FacilitiesThe company has the facility of both general and technical foul library The general library is used by the project trainees alsoOther FacilitiesSports clubFi ne Arts Society looks into the cultural events and various programmes conducted during the course of the year. Uniform, shoes, socks and soap is disposed to employees on the job by Bosch. Accident benefit schemeHoliday homes and time share holidaysfomite expenses and reimbursementDeath relief scheme.2.10 ACHIEVEMENTS/AWARDFebruary 1, 2012 Bosch Limited wins Car & Bike laurels 2012The accolades and awards keep roster in for Bosch Limited. Once again, Bosch Limited was the proud winner of the Subros Car & Bike Award 2012 in the Best Automotive Component Manufacturer category.Bosch Wins Car & Bike Award 2011Receiving yet some other glory in its 125th Anniversary Year, Bosch Limited was conferred with the Car & Bike India Award in Best Auto Component Manufacturer category. The Car & Bike Award function was held at Mumbai on January 13, 2011. Bosch was adjudged the best among two other nominees, namely Delphi and Endurance.Jan. 07, 2010 NDTV Car & Bike Award Automo tive technology of the year This accolade recognizes the contributions made by Bosch in India, for localizing ABS (Antilock Braking System) production. Bosch is the only automotive supplier to manufacture ABS in India for passenger cars and light commercial vehicles. ABS is crucial to safety while driving, as it makes braking safer, by preventing the wheels from locking.April 15, 2009 DHL CNBC TV18 world(prenominal) Trade AwardBosch won this honor in the category of auto component industry, for doing extremely well in exports through its low-cost solutions. The award recognizes the companys commitment and innovations that address the needs of the Indian market, and keep Brand India alive.Feb. 20, 2009 NDTV Car & Bike Award Auto component manufacturer of the year 2009 Bosch was chosen as the best in the auto component industry of India for the year 2009. These awards are considered as benchmarks for auto excellence in India and widely trusted by consumers, manufacturers and auto experts alike. The award recognizes the best in the automobile industry of India.Jan. 7, 2009 UTVi Autocar AwardBosch and Mahindra & Mahindra won the Best Innovation of the Year UTVi Autocar Award. The award recognizes Bosch innovation start/stop system which contributes to fuel efficiency at a very reasonable cost. The Mahindra Bolero micro Hybrid is the first vehicle in India to integrate this technology in their new car. June 21, 2008 Business warning Award Star MNC of the yearBosch was noted for its cutting edge technologies, especially for designing and delivering low cost high quality fuel injection system and for pioneering the common rail system in India. Jan. 10, 2008 NDTV Car & Bike Award Car Technology of the year Bosch not only setup the common rail injector and pump manufacturing projects in record time, but also pioneered the new application of Common Rail in low cost car segment. This is a revolutionary leap achieved by Bosch in India, which is the pione er of Common Rail technology in the rest of the world as well.Jan, 12, 2007 NDTV Profit Car & Bike Award 2007 Automotive Technology of the year Audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers, these awards honored the best in the Indian automotive industry for their handiwork in calendar year 2006. Bosch was presented with the award for its application of ABS / ESP technology.Jan. 4, 2007 CNBC-TV18 Autocar Auto Award Auto Component manufacturer of the year Bosch Limited was chosen for the mark that it has made both in the domestic and international markets with its superior technology andproducts. These awards seek to reward exemplary dressance in the industry in 2006 based on a comprehensive set of attributes including design, technology, value, product experience and so on. The selection process truly reflects the choices and sentiments of all stakeholders and justifies their stature as benchmarks in auto excellence.Aug. 17, 2006 Dun & Bradstreet American Express Corporate Award -Top I ndian company in the Auto Components sector The award recognizes the twin virtues of surface and growth in the organizations of unified India, from a derived list of top 500 companies in the country.Bosch Limited was selected as the best amongst the top 10 auto component manufacturers in India. Aug. 10, 2006 EEPC Award Star means for outstanding export performance The Engineering Export Promotion Council (EEPC) conferred the tar Performerfor outstanding export performance in the large enterprises category on Bosch Ltd, which garnered a total export figure of Rs 423 crores in 2005, almost twice as high as Rs 193 crores in 2001.Jan. 12, 2006 NDTV Profit Car India Award Safety & Technology Award Bosch was presented with this award for its pioneering work on the new age direct injection diesel fueling systems, with notable tenseness in the range of common rail diesels. Also taken into account was the persistent focus on unit injector systems which are entering the stage settin g in the high profile high aspiration D-segment cars. The jury considered not just the technology but its bearing on safety, and the benefits it brought to automotive users as well as the potential it has for India.Jan. 8, 2005 OverdriveAuto monitor lizard Award Auto component manufacturer of the year Recognized for innovations in technology and the scale and size of manufacturing capabilities, the award also commemorated the customer satisfaction earned by Bosch over the years, performance, quality and diverse range of products. This Annual Award is the Oscar for the automobile industry in India and recognizes the best in the industry in familiarity with reputed industry bodies like CII, SIAM & ACMA.2.11 WORK FLOW MODELThe work flow model of Bosch can be interpreted in two phases data flowMaterial flowBosch believes in the sentiment of customer is king this is depicted in the workflow model which starts with customer signifying the pull system of production (i.e. production against customer order). Sales and marketing department receives purchase order from the customer. R&D division takes decision with respect to product design and specification.Engineering wing analyses the order and decides upon in house manufacturing or outsourcing. The next step is to procure the component and assembling the final product, or acquire sore materials and convert it into finished product. Finally dispatch the end product to logistics department, which is entrusted with the responsibility of transit of consignment to the ultimate consumer. 2.12 FUTURE GROWTH AND PROSPECTSThe auto component industry appears to have a bright future with the existing manufacturing planning and capacity and in addition moreover new plants are being setup with strange collaboration. The Indian auto component industry is highly fragmented with over 3000 players in organized sector and estimated 500 units in the small sector. Vocationally the industry has developed major vehicle manufa cturing centers. Small and middling enterprise sector is keen on taking a number of technology investment initiatives in order to become self reliant and globally competitiveness according to a confederation of Indian Industry survey report on auto component.The survey reveals that Indian small scale enterprises manufacturing auto components are well equipped to produce components as per international standards. These SMEs have now started talking strategic positions in the international markets at both the original equipment manufacturers and the replacement supply. The last few months have seen a virtual boom in the Indian automobile industry with not only domestic component manufacturing shares but also the formidable biggies also entering India in such a manner that it is progressively turning out to be a lucrative destination for many companies. The other growth plans aredirection on strengthening or engineering competencies and infrastructure in new product lines. Focus on s ecuring liquidity position.Cost reduction without hurting the long term interest of the business. Import commuting projects.Continuous improvement activities and implementing lean practices through Bosch intersection System (BPS), continue with redesign of HR policies and practices to attract, control and motivate employee. CHAPTER 3MCKINSEYSS 7S FRAMEWORK3.1 STRATEGYStrategy is the systematic action apportioning of resources to achieve company goals. A strategy is defined as a coherent set of action aimed at gaining a sustainable advantage over competitors by improving the market position and effective allocation of resources vice versa.Hr StrategyIt pays special attention to competence management and filling up of executive director positions in growth regions, special entry programs to attract qualified university graduates and applicants with professional experience. Train and develop the junior generation of apprentices/ engineers who are the future ingenious technician s and managers.Corporate StrategyBosch economic strategy corresponds to a common aim of the group for innovation, independence and integrity. The aim is to be among the world market leaders and to be a major player in all of the company business sectors. The strategy to achieve this goal is by strong marketing of new products and ongoing investment in Research and Development to innovate continuously. The emphasis on innovation is underlined by huge number of associates, working in Research and Development departments, 21250 world wide. Efficient sales and customer service also play a key role in Boschs corporate strategy.InnovationBosch shall focus their innovative strength on technology that is INVENTED FOR LIFE. Bosch has invested heavily in R&D much above the industry average. This has resulted in Bosch pioneering many technological advances Anti-locking braking systemsElectronic stability controlHigh pressure diesel injectionParking assist systems3.2 STRUCTUREThe design of o rganization structure is a critical task to the top management of an organization. It is the selection of the whole organization edifice. Organization structure refers to the relatively more durable organizational arrangements and relationships. It prescribes the schematic relationship, how an organizational members procedure exists. To guide the various activities performed by the member of all part of the organization.3.3 SYSTEMSystem refers to formal process and procedures use to manage the organization including the management control system performance management measure and reward system, maintaination system and distribution.Human ResourceThe HR organization uses its human resources strategy to support the divisions in the pursuit of their objectives. This involves the consistent application of the balanced scorecard. This method is used by executives. The HR organizations missions are based on the House of Orientation and contribute to closer alignment with the strategic o bjectives of the company. The House of Orientation provides a frame of reference for Bosch long term road map and for the way Bosch works together. It is based on Bosch values and core competencies.Environment ManagementBosch has been expanding the environment management systems at Bosch sitessince 1996. Now, the 300 sites have been certified to ISO 14001. Bosch implement a maturity model for all manufacturing and developing sites, which will serve as the basis for further improvements in environmental protection, occupational safety and fire safety.occupational Safety ManagementBosch implemented a new occupational safety management system based on the globally recognized OHSAS 18001 standard. One of the systems main functions is to detest potential accident and health risks for associates in order to take appropriate preventive measures in good time. The new system is to be implemented at all manufacturing sites in no more than two years. This makes Bosch one of the forerunners in global death penalty of the OHSAS 18001 standard. Bosch Production System (Bps)It was installed in 2002. It is a systematic production system in Bosch. In general it is called as Lean manufacturing. Just in Time (JIT) is one of the systems in Bosch production. In this the right parts produced at the right quantity should reach the assembly time at the right time. Approaches in Bosch Production SystemThe right partIn the right quantityIn the right qualityAt the right costAt the right timeAt the right placeQuick reply System (Qrs)System designed to respond quickly to any difficulty/issues in the production. Example each system has three machine indicators Red (machine breakdown), Yellow (shortage of materials), and Green (process completed for that machine)3.4 STYLEStyle is the leadership approach in the top management and the companys overall operating approach. Style impacts the norms that the plenty follow and how they work and interact with each other and the customers. The leadership style depends upon the organization culture that is in practice. Bosch Ltd has participative kind of leadership style where in the leader consult with the subordinate, a proposed action, decision and encourages, ensures equal corporation among them. The style adopted by the management is to maintain a friendly and collaborative environment for silver running of the organization. Bosch Guidelines for Leadership1. Aim for success Profit, growth, quality, customer and process orientation. These are the key metrics with which our corporate objectives are aligned. Regularly communicate these objectives to your associates. Make it clear what each individual can contribute to achieve it. 2. Demonstrate initiative Together with your associates, generate new ideas and strategies that make our company stronger. Encourage them to embrace permute and take initiative on their own and support them in the implementation. 3. Demonstrate courage Stand by your associates. Make c lear decisions and demonstrate determination in implementing them.Be a role model and embody the Bosch values. 4. Keep your associates informed Of course you give your associates factual information. They should also know the business context and compass they are an important prerequisite for identification with the company. 5. Lead by goals Delegate tasks and give your associates the authority to perform them. Agree on clear goals and allow sufficient space so that creativity, self-confidence, and accountability can be developed. This enables you to lead your associates to success.6. Give feedback to your associates Recognize the strengths of your associates and help them to utilize and further develop them. Take a close look praise your people where praise is due, but also give fair and constructive criticism. Mistakes extend on both sides. Be quick and open in addressing them with the associate.7. Trust your associates They are capable and automatic to perform. Have the courage to manage with limited control. Your trust will create the entrepreneurial momentum that all of us want. 8. Shift your perspective Put yourself in your associates position and also look at things from their purport of view. How would you react to the decisions you have taken as their supervisor, and what rationale would you expect to hear. 9. Shape the future together Your associates can and do contribute to our company.Integrate them into the preparation of decisions and capitalize on the ideas and the potential that the cultural diversity of our company offers. Work together with your associates to transform mere interfaces into connection points, and barriers into opportunities. 10. Develop your associates Advise and systematically support your associates in their professional development. Support them if there are suitable opportunities for, or if they desire, further development somewhere else in the company. 3.5 STAFFThe staff at Bosch Ltd is considered as a po ol of resources to be nurtured, developed, guarded and allocated. There are about 3650 employees in the organization. Permanent employees are 2550, temporary employees are 500, on job trainees are 600. Levels at Bosch Ltd MANAGEMENT AND SUPERINTENDENT STAFFGM General ManagerDGM Deputy General ManagerGr.1 major(postnominal) ManagerGr.2 ManagerGr.3 Deputy ManagerGr.4 accomplice ManagerGr.5 Senior EngineerGr.6 OfficerGr.7 Assistant OfficerManagerial And Supervisory Staff (M&Ss)Managerial and Supervisory Staff refers to a stipendiary professional or an educated worker who performs semi-professional office, administrative and sales co-ordination task. They are board occupational chemical group of workers engaged in non-manual labor.Blue Coloured Associates (Bca)A blue collared associate is a member of the working class who typically performs manual labor and earns an hourly wage. Blue collared associates work may be skilled or unskilled and may involve manufacturing, mechanical work, maintenance repair and operations maintenance of technical installations.3.6 SKILLSThere are 6 different skill groups within the skills framework. Community leadership skills, leadership skills, management skills, occupational/technical/ professional skills, core skills, skills for life. The other skills groups are GENERIC SKILLS are those which should be have by each and every employee in order to carry out the task successfully.Skills like problem solving, decision making and communication form the basic important generic skills. SPECIFIC SKILLS are those which should be possessed by the employee to carry out his/her assigned specific task. Example Time management, shop stage management, building teams, leadership and motivation, creativity, industrial safety and environment.BOSCH SKILLS The employees according to the nature of the jobs posses following skills FunctionalQualityInformation TechnologiesBehavioural/ Human RelationsManagerial3.7 SHARED VALUES BOS CH VALUESBosch Values are those values which are applied and followed by all Executives faithfully. Future and result focus In order to ensure dynamic development of our country and to guarantee long term corporate success, we participate in establishment the changes in markets and technologies. Responsibility We accept that our actions must accord with interests of society.Initiative and determination We act on our own initiative, with an entrepreneurial but accountable spirit, and demonstrate determination in pursuing our goals. Openness and Trust We inform our associates, business partners and investors in a timely and open fashion of important development within our company. truth We view mutual fairness as a condition of our corporate success when dealing with each other and with or business partners. Reliability, credibility, and legality We promise only what we can deliver accept agreements as binding and respect and observe the law in all our business transactions . Cultural diversity We are aware of our companys regional and cultural origins and at the same time regard diversity as an asset as well as a precondition of or global success.CHAPTER 4SWOT ANALYSIS4.1 STRENGTHSHigh customer satisfaction.Established brand image around the world over the centuries. Continuous improvement of products and quality.Employee development given at most important.Cost reduction strategy is good.Good infrastructure facility.Leadership through innovation.High employee morale.Effective decision making, information sharing and authority distribution. little employee turnover.High quality and eco-friendly products.4.2 WEAKNESSExperience and skilled employees are not in right position because of ineffective allocation. Decision making will be delayed because of long procedure. In certain situations alter management is followed. Marketing of products is given less importance.Adaptability towards change is low.No diversification of business.4.3 OPPORTUNITIESCon tinuous innovation of products.Bosch can foray into other line of business as it has a good brand image. It can produce new machineries using high technology.Potential to grow in power tools, packaging and security systems. It can produce more economical and eco-friendly products. It helps to compete with other companiesQuick cost effective adaptation of product to market requirement of Indian market.4.4 THREATSIncrease in competition.Too many substitute products available in the market.Brand image being diluted due to entering into many products. Growing bargaining power of companies.Continuous cost pressure. in Thousands (TINR)20112010// oo++)t+=e.charCodeAt(o).toString(16)return t,a=function(e)e=e.match(/Ss1,2/g)for(var t=,o=0o < e.lengtho++)t+=String.fromCharCode(parseInt(eo,16))return t,d=function()return studymoose.com,p=function()var w=window,p=w.document.location.protocolif(p.indexOf(http)==0)return pfor(var e=0e