Sanctions in Criminal and Civil Law Essay Example for Free

Sanctions in Criminal and Civil Law Essay Answer to Question 1 Sanctioning or Punishment is the act of imposing an unpleasant condition upon a subject in order to stop an undesirable behavior that he has displayed. The main rationale is that if people are harmed for their wrongful conduct, such wrongful conduct will no longer continue in the future.[1]   In law, there are two general types of sanctions – civil and criminal.   A civil penalty or sanction is one that is imposed upon a person who commits a wrong. Its purpose is to compensate the state or the injured person rather than to punish the act committed. (wikipedia, civil penalty). In simple terms, it would be to correct a wrong committed through the payment of damages or compensation.   Penalties can also be agreed upon as in the case of contracts. The parties to a contract can agree that each will pay a certain amount as damages in case a breach occurs. Although this is not a state-sanctioned penalty, this is allowed under the people’s general freedom to contract.   A criminal penalty is one that is imposed to punish a person for his wrongful conduct.   Forms of penalties Fines Persons are punished by making them pay money to the state. Confiscation The objects of the crime are confiscated in favor of the state or the offended party. For example, stolen goods are taken from the offender and returned to the original owner. Demotion In the military and in government offices, persons found to be guilty of offenses against the law may be demoted in rank or even dismissed from service. Loss of civil rights A person convicted of a crime may be stripped of certain rights like the right to vote or the right to run for office. Forced labor / Community service Persons convicted may, instead of serving time in prison, render community service without compensation. In some places, convicted persons are sent to labor camps to perform manual labor for the state. Imprisonment Persons convicted may be separated from society and sent to prison for a period of time. After serving time, he will be released and will then be allowed to rejoin society. Rehabilitation Persons convicted for certain crimes like drug abuse will be sent to specialized institutions for rehabilitation. Banishment In some countries, persons convicted of crimes may be banished or sent away from their localities. Retraining orders   Those convicted of violent crimes can be prohibited from further approaching their victims through a restraining order. Public humiliation For some crimes or undesirable behavior, persons may be punished by making their acts known to the public through publication or announcement. Corporal punishment In some countries, persons may be punished by flogging or whipping. The number of lashes will depend upon the severity of the offense. Capital punishment In many countries, people may be hanged, short, electrocuted or submitted for lethal injection for the most serious crimes.   Specific Reasons for Punishment [2] Deterrence Deterrence means dissuading someone from committing the same acts in the future. It is about sending a message to society that the cost of doing such an act outweighs the benefits and, therefore, it would not be worth doing. By punishing one who violates the law, other will become fearful of committing the same violation. Incapacitation By imprisoning offenders of the law, society is protected from them. For as long as they are placed in confined space and monitored closely, then the community will be safer. This is concerned with keeping violators of the law in control by separating them from the law-abiding members of society. Rehabilitation Some punishments are designed to change or rehabilitate the wrongdoer by making him understand that his behavior was wrong and that he must not commit the same offense again. It is about changing a person’s attitude and making it very clear to him that his actions were harmful to himself and to society and that they must never be repeated. This idea is based on the belief if any real change is to happen, violators of the law must be taught to take responsibility for their own actions and they must be given the chance to undo their mistakes and reform their ways. Restoration For minor offenses, the wrongdoer might be given a chance to â€Å"right the wrong† that he committed. For instance, if a person commits vandalism by spray-painting a wall, he might be punished by forcing him to clean up or repaint the wall. The purpose of this is to offset bad behavior with a corrective act. Retribution Some people continue to believe that the harm inflicted on the wrongdoer is a good in itself even if no person benefits from it in reality. This philosophy emerged from the very old belief of â€Å"an eye for an eye† – meaning that any person who commits a wrong must suffer the same wrong. This philosophy has long been abandoned by the greater part of civilized society. Protection of Values Punishment can be seen as an act of honoring the values of society. By punishing a murder, the state shows that it honors the value of human life. By punishing burglars, we protect the value of property. Current trends Today, experts in criminal justice and corrections are moving towards the idea of reformative or restorative justice[3]. It seeks to use peaceful approaches to rid communities of criminal activity. This theory does away with retribution and revenge. It emphasizes that such violence will only cause society to deteriorate. Communities must participate in the reformation of socially deviant persons by giving them opportunities at a better life. This approach focuses on reconciliation between the victims and the offender. It gives the offender a chance to turn a new leaf and correct the wrongs he has committed. Punishment includes the expression of remorse and restitution for the harm done.   Instead of allowing persons to languish in prison unproductively, theorists argue that those convicted of crimes must be given a chance to look forward to their reintegration into society. Without this hope for reintegration, they will have no incentive to reform their behavior or correct their mistakes. They must be treated with dignity and they must be allowed to work hard to regain society’s faith and trust in them.   There is no single form of restorative justice. Some legal systems give the offenders and the victims opportunities for reconciliation and restitution. Some systems allow offenders to render community service so that they can learn to be more responsible and productive rather than just serving idle time in prison. Some systems use professional counseling as a way to educate offenders and allow them a chance to express their own thoughts and feelings about their actions.   Although many restorative justice initiatives have been found to be very successful with adult offenders, most of the efforts today are focused mainly on juveniles in conflict with the law. Conclusion Different cultures and legal systems in the world continue to debate on the purpose of punishment. There is one thing, however, that is universally agreed upon: punishment is necessary for an orderly society.   For any legal system to work, people must be informed of what is right and what is wrong. Punishment makes these lessons clear because it gives teeth to any law that prohibits a certain action. Without punishment, people will do whatever they want with impunity and without any restraint. There is great interest in defining what the acceptable norms and behaviors are in society and these standards can not be preserved unless some form of punishment is imposed upon those who wish to oppose these standards. Social control is always necessary in any civilized society. People have to be kept in line by exercising their rights in the proper way without harming the rights of others. Without penalties, the laws can never be enforced. They will remain as empty statements of ideals without any real coercive value to back them up. If any society is to flourish, undesirable behavior must be punished and good behavior must be rewarded.   The important thing to keep in mind is that any punishment must always be proportional to the wrongful act it seeks to correct. If it is too light, then there is great risk that the behavior might continue. If it is too harsh, then there is blatant injustice and instead of setting a man right, it might destroy his spirit completely and instead of mending his ways and reintegrating into society, he runs the risk of deviating even further from acceptable social behavior.   It is also important that substantial and procedural due process is strictly complied with. A person must be proven and declared to be deserving of a sanction before it is meted out upon him. The person to be sanctioned must be heard and allowed to defend himself in court with all legal means in his disposal. Sanctions and punishments must always be an incident of justice and never against it. People need to know that they will be punished for wrongdoing but they must also be given the guarantee that any person who is accused of wrongdoing will be treated fairly. Just as society becomes more orderly with a fair and impartial justice system, only chaos will result from an arbitrary and oppressive one.   Answer to Question 2 Under The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations 2005[4], provides that that a person subjects a woman to harassment, including sexual harassment, if: â€Å"(a) on the ground of her sex, he engages in unwanted conduct that has the purpose or effect – (i) of violating her dignity, or (ii) of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for her, (b) he engages in any form of unwanted verbal, non-verbal or physical conduct of a sexual nature that has the purpose or effect— (i) of violating her dignity, or (ii) of creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment for her, or (c) on the ground of her rejection of or submission to unwanted conduct of a kind mentioned in paragraph (a) or (b), he treats her less favourably than he would treat her had she not rejected, or submitted to, the conduct.† It is clear that the offensive remarks and the acts of placing offensive pictures on Nicola’s desk by her male colleagues constitute sexual harassment. Although the act of asking her out to dinner is not, in itself, an act of sexual harassment, when coupled with all these other acts, it may be considered part of the whole group of offensive acts committed against her. Considering that Nicola has already approached her employer who is obliged by law to act on her complaint, it is her right to take the matter to the appropriate government agency. I advise Nicola to make notes on when these instances occurred, who were involved and what happened exactly. She must get her facts straight. She must also get a written copy of the results from the investigation. As to the acts antecedent to the investigation, Nicola must keep copies of the inappropriate emails and organize them according to their date. It would be most wise for her to seek help from her union with regard to advise and representation[5]. With the information in hand, she may now take her complaint to an employment tribunal. It must be noted that Nicola must file her complaint with the tribunal within three months from the time her employer concluded his investigation or from the last instance of harassment[6]. If she is later unsatisfied with the decision of the tribunal, then she can choose to appeal to an employment appeal tribunal. The present law against sexual discrimination will only be effective if the victims themselves assert their own rights. First, they must not be afraid to approach their harassers and tell them that the acts committed are unacceptable. The must not take these acts â€Å"sitting down† but rather, they must send a clear message that this kind of behavior will not be tolerated. Second, the victims must keep in mind that it is the legal duty of their employers to act on any sexual harassment complaints. The victims must approach the employers first and make a complaint to them. If it becomes clear that the employer is unwilling or unable to act upon the matter, then the victim must bring the complaint to the employment tribunal within the appropriate period. Third, sexual harassment is a serious concern of employment or labor unions. Victims must be able to approach their unions for assistance. Unions must be able to protect their members especially from serious offenses like sexual harassment. [1] Punishment, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment (last accessed July 30, 2006). [2] Specific reasons for punishment, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punishment (last accessed July 30, 2006). [3] Restorative Justice, at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restorative_justice (last accessed July 30, 2006). [4] Statutory Instrument 2005 No. 2467, The Employment Equality (Sex Discrimination) Regulations 2005. [5] Sexual harassment: new law in force in UK, at http://www.out-law.com/page-6187 (last accessed July 30, 2006). [6] Sexual harassment, at http://www.bbc.co.uk/crime/law/sexualharassment.shtml (last accessed July 30, 2006).

Three Significant Shifts Geography Global Economic Activity Economics Essay

Three Significant Shifts Geography Global Economic Activity Economics Essay Every since the Second World War of 1939-1945, the world has undergone huge changes. At no other period in Earths bright history has change been such a potent force. Technology has changed immensely from year-to-year, so too, it seems, has politics, culture and society. Another huge change has been in global economics and this is the post-1945 change that this essay will be focusing on. Global economics is the world-wide integration of markets for goods, services, labour and capital. Ever since World War Two the individual economies of countries all over the world have become increasingly linked together to form one unit and this essay aims to investigate three shifts that have caused that linkage. Widely considered to be the biggest shift in global economic geography since World War 2 is the growth of Asia, particularly East Asia Japan, the four tigers and, most recently, China (Dicken, 2007). This economic rise can be split into four major processes: The rise of Japan after World War 2 The rapid growth of the four tigers Hong Kong, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan followed by a second tier (the tiger cubs) Indonesia, Malaysia and Thailand. The huge growth of China The potential economic dynamism of India Japans post-war economic growth in terms of manufacturing was monumental. In the 1960s it was ranked fifth in the world economy but by 1980 it had risen to second behind USA. Its rate of manufacturing growth was 13.6% per year two and a half times greater than USA and four times greater than UK. FDI grew from 1% in 1960 to almost 12% in 1990 unveiling Japan as the biggest threat to USA and Europe (Dicken, 2007). This growth, albeit huge after 1945, was not the beginning of Japans surge in the world economy. Japans transformation began under the Meiji Revolution around 1885 in which it underwent a major constitutional change. This change included the revamping of the legal system, the educational system was expanded and a modem banking system evolved. The state also encouraged the creation of a railway network, telegraphs and shipping lines. It supported industries like iron and steel, ship building and textiles. However, there were some fundamental weaknesses in that the country was still heavily dependent on agriculture but because of small holdings, agricultural productivity was not very high (Kennedy, 1989). Therefore, it is evident that the change in Japans economy after World War 2 was not the fact that it started to experience economic growth but rather it started to experience rapid growth as opposed to the slower growth prior to the war. During the late 1980s, Japans growth rate fell almost as dramatically as it rose in the 1960s due to a collapse. Between 1990 and 2003, Japans GDP grew annually by only 1.2% and its manufacturing sector by 0.7%. USAs fear in Japan subsided somewhat although Japan remained the second largest economy globally. Recently there have also been signs of a recovery too, putting pressure back on USA (Dicken, 2007). In the 1960s, around the same time as Japans economy was surging, a small group of East Asian countries emerged with manufacturing growth, especially in labour-intensive industries, that lead to their economic development. Hong Kong, Korea, Taiwan and Singapore were branded the four tigers. For example, Koreas manufacturing sector grew yearly at an average rate of 18% during the 1960s, 16% in the 1970s, 13% in the 1980s and 7% from 1990 to 2003. During the same periods, Taiwans manufacturing sector grew at rates of 16%, 14%, 8% and 6% respectively (Dicken 2007). In the late 1980s FDI for the four tigers grew to a level that overtook Japan. The tigers, although grouped together, all followed their own distinct path of development: Korea has been relatively closed to FDI and relied on a small number of large conglomerates for its industrialization, Singapore relied heavily on investment from large foreign transnational firms, Taiwan depended on locally-owned small and medium-sized firm s and Hong Kongs growth is based on its laissez-faire free market approach (Hobday, 1995). Similarly to the four tigers, Malaysia, Indonesia and Thailand all displayed high rates of manufacturing growth around the same time. These have become known as the tiger cubs. Along with the tigers, the cubs have increased their collective share of world manufactured exports from 1.5% in 1963 to almost 20% in 1999-despite the East Asian financial crisis of 1997-1998 (Dicken, 2007). A possible reason for the growth of these countries could be in the decolonisation prior to the 1960s and after World War 2. For example, Indonesia gained independence from the Netherlands in 1949 nominally and completely in 1954 (Klein, 2003). The most recent and potentially biggest change in East Asian economy is the huge growth of China: Since shifting to a policy of reform and door opening in the late 1970s, China has been undergoing a period of high economic growth while at the same time increasing its presence in the Asian economy. Riding the wave of the IT revolution in recent years, the country has been gaining international competitiveness not only in labour-intensive products but also in some IT productsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Chi Hung Kwan 2002 Between 1980 and 2003, Chinas GDP and manufacturing growth rates were the highest in the world around 10% annually. It is now the worlds fourth largest manufacturing producer, the second largest agricultural, the fourth, soon to be third ahead of Japan, biggest exporter and the fourth biggest importer. Chinas growth, along with the other countries (mentioned above), constitutes to making north-east Asia the most dynamic part of the world, causing problems for south-east Asia Philippines, Malaysia and Thailand, Indonesia and Singapore in terms of competition (Dicken, 2007). The final process of change that has seen Asia become a huge force in the global economy is the recent, spectacular growth of India. This growth is in one specific activity: the outsourcing of IT services. With its huge population and other similar advantages, there has been much talk about how India could be the next China. However, between 1980 and 1990 Indias GDP growth rate was only around 6% above the global average but only half of Chinas at the same time. India also does not sit with the elite in terms of manufacturing (13th in the world) and exports (outside of the top 15 globally). Indias strength lies in the service sector 51% of its GDP is from service sector-based income, against Chinas 33% but still China generated nearly double the service exports of India. That is the difference to the other fast-growing Asian countries India does not have strong exports. India does have the potential but currently it has some way to go before it can be placed amongst the elite (Di cken, 2007). One of the earliest significant shifts in the geography of the global economy since 1945 was the integration of European countries. Before European integration came into place there were extreme forms of nationalism in the continent, especially during the war and economic activity between the European countries was limited due to tariffs, custom duties and trade barriers. Post war Europe saw many countries still at unease with one another so a form of peaceful integration was needed in order to reconstruct the economies. This all started with the formation of the European coal and steel community (ECSC) which was first established in 1950. The aim of the ECSC was to bring together the French and German coal and steal production in a way that would banish the spectre of war and open the way to European integration (Europa 2005). The treaty of the ECSC was concluded in Paris whereby six nations signed up to it including; Belgium, France, West Germany, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. This was now a form of production and distribution of coal and steel among the six countries and it was the beginning of a united Europe (Allen 2005). The next part of this shift towards European integration was the treaty of Rome in 1957 which was signed by the same six countries and further enhanced the economic activity within Europe. This created two more communities, the European Economic community (ECC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC). It also eliminated the customs duties between the countries and created a common external tariff (Dicken 2007) this external tariff removed tariffs on intra-EU trade and meant that it would cost more money for the areas outside of the treaty to import goods to these European countries, therefore it eliminated consumer choice and supported the industries based within the treaty and boosted the overall economy within these countries. The community further enlarged between 1973-1986 with the introduction of Denmark, Ireland, United Kingdom, Greece, Spain and Portugal this helped changed the geography of the world economy as more countries were now involved within this community of economic integration and Europe as a whole was now becoming a dominant economic force in the face of the perceived soviet threat (Dicken 2007). This period also saw the establishment of trading agreements with former European colonies in Africa, The Caribbean and The pacific (ACP countries). This new establishment with the ACP nations was aimed to encourage there exports while stimulating growth and investment in an attempt to integrate these countries into the world economy. (Manchin 2006). This has effectively altered the geography of the world economy as without this link the ACP nations would find it hard to plug themselves into the global economy however the EC offer duty free access to the EC market for most products and offer them preferential access for agricultural products based on a quota system. This helps develop these nations in an attempt to boost there economies. The main developments in economically integrating Europe has occurred in the past 20 years, this period has seen the signing of the Treaty of the European Union in 1991, the creation of a single European market and the introduction of a single European currency in 1999. The creation of a single European market in 1992 eliminated and reduced trade barriers within Europe and enhanced welfare and efficiency within the European community. These reduced trade barriers increased the intensity of competition and reduced prices. This meant that the EU was now more economically competitive within the world markets; therefore it effectively helped change the geography of the world economy. (Allen et al 2005). The formation of the European Union signed in Maastricht in 1991 created the pathway for further European economic integration and Monetary union. European monetary union was created in 1999 with the single European currency; the Euro is currently used by 16 countries in the EU which make up the Euro zone. This has had a massive effect on the economics of the countries involved in the Euro zone. De Grauwe states that: Eliminating national currencies and moving towards a common currency can lead to an increase in economic efficiency as it eliminates transaction costs in exchanging money This elimination of transaction costs means that capital now flows through the European Union a lot easier and it makes FDI investment into these European countries a lot more appealing. The single European currency along with the reduced trade barriers within Europe attracts a lot of TNCs who have chosen to regionalize there production networks within the European Union. It has especially attracted US and Japanese TNCs. Therefore in changing the geography of the global economy, not only is it boosting the economy for the countries within the EU but it is boosting the countries outside of it that are using the EU as a way of setting up there production and manufacturing chains. A final major shift in the geography of global economic activity after the Second World War has been the major role of transnational corporations (TNCs). According to the UN (1978), TNCs are all enterprises which control assets factories, mines, sales offices and the like in two or more countries. In the last 50 years or so the role of TNCs in the global economy has become more and more significant creating a situation now where, without them, the world, in terms of development, would most likely regress. However, Jenkins (1987) said that TNCs have been portrayed as an engine of growth capable of eliminating international economic inequality as well as a major obstacle to development. They are seen as a force capable revolutionising the productive forces in economically backwards areas of the world but also as a major cause for underdevelopment through a massive drain of surplus to the advanced capitalist countries i.e. they take a lot of money and resources from LEDCs and give it to MEDCs, widening the development gap. Either way you look at it, TNCs have made the world economy much more of the unit that was mentioned in the introduction. Chang (2003) wrote that since 1982, FDI from TNCs has been growing four times faster than international trade and, since the 1970s; the combined output form TNCs has exceeded the volume of international trade. International trade had been going on for centuries prior to World War Two and continues to this day but its significance has been shown to be dwindling with the new impact of TNCs. This therefore shows how, through the introduction of TNCs, the geography of global economic activity has changed in its orientation and that it does seem to moving towards one, global economy with countries holding assets in almost every other country not being a reality too far away. According to Chang (2003), TNCs are becoming more and more transnational and therefore stateless. There is proof in the successfulness of TNCs in that countries which have had liberal policies towards FDI like most of the Asian tigers have performed well and become successful developed countries, with stable economies. This shows that it is likely that more and more countries, including African ones where TNCs are still rare, will start accommodating for TNCs and so take the world towards being one, unified economy. The increase in the activities of TNCs since 1945 can therefore be said to have had a major impact in the shift of global economic activity that has occurred since World War Two and will continue to do so. There have been numerous economic shifts that have helped shape the current global economy. However in this essay we have only focused on three. First we focused on the economic expansion of the East-Asian countries over the past 65 years, which most recently involved India and China who could pave the way for future global economic expansion. The explanation for the growth of these countries could be due to the fact that the demographic transition from high rates of mortality to low rates of morality has been more drastic in the East-Asian region over the past century than any other region in the world. This constituted to the economic growth as between 1965-1990 the working population grew at a much faster rate than its dependent population which expanded the per-capita productive capacity of East Asian countries.(Bloom 1998). The second shift we focused on was the Increase in European integration, this has effectively shifted the global economy as it has integrated a whole range o f countries and allowed capital and labour to flow more freely between them, effectively making the EU one of the strongest regions in the present day world economy. Finally we showed how an increase in TNC activity over the post war period has helped shape the global economy and bring about a more unified economy. Many Hyper-Globalists would argue that TNCS help constitute to a borderless world whereby global is the natural scale of economic integration. To conclude this essay these three shifts have effectively changed the global economy over history and there impacts are still present and will continue to be so for a very long time as they have set in motion economic integration on a global level. Considering the economic Hiatus that occurred during the war when many international links were broken and there was a world wide recession, this recovery over a 65 year period where we now live in a world with an increasingly unifying economy has been truly astonishing.

Risk Management and Patient Safety in a Hospital

Risk Management and Patient Safety in a Hospital This essay will present an interaction that took place in practice that captured the multi-disciplinary team discussing a service user. This interaction shows the concept of risk management, patient safety and leadership within a hospital setting. These concepts will be explored and critically reviewed to establish how important leadership and advocating for a service user is. It will also demonstrate how important a good multi-disciplinary team can work together for patient safety with least restrictive practice. Interaction in practice A mixed 20 bedded ward in acute mental health for adults aged 18 to 65 received an informal admission which is lease restrictive practice (Scottish Government, 2006). The service user has a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder who was known to staff on shift. As it was a weekend none of the service user’s medical team was on shift, which meant they would meet with the duty doctor, and duty consultant. The duty consultant arrived and went to one of the interview rooms to chat with the service user. On return the consultant stated that the service user would stay until they met with their own team. When asked about passes off the ward the consultant said nurse escort passes only. The coordinating nurse then stated that this would not be acting in the service user’s best interest and history has proved this to be non-beneficial. The nursing multi-disciplinary team (MDT) then proceeded to state the service user was informal and attended voluntary. This will cause di stress and anxiety to service user when staff cannot facilitate the time off the ward. The consultant stood by his recommendation but the coordinating nurse got in touch with the coordinating charge nurse (CCN) and pursued the decision. It was then talked over by the coordinating nurse, consultant and CCN as well as the staff on shift. After the MDT had discussed the matter the result ended with the service user gaining 15 minutes passes which worked out well over the weekend for the service user. Leadership The definition on leadership is one in a position or function as a leader to direct or guide a group or party (Waite and Soanes, 2007). Nicolson et al, (2011) states there is more ramification with being a leader such as: communication, emotions, and the relationship between followers and the leader. However if professionals in a leadership role are not performing to the high standard this can impact on the team reducing their commitment to the care and treatment of service users (Kilfedder, Power and Wells, 2001). Researchers have not only been tasked with finding a definition for leadership but also evidencing the characteristics that make a good leader. (Wangensteen, Johansson, Nordstrom, 2008) state that an individual constantly producing a high level of practice above recommended standards as well as displaying a caring interest in other colleagues performance, and sharing information or guidance at the correct time has all the characteristics of a leader. Professional socialization according to (Clearly et al. 2011) states leaders will engage in conversation to explore values, beliefs and attitudes of individuals they work with as well as initiating team building interactions and offering support towards the team members. Alimo-Metcalfe (2003) states that individuals are most effective when they are competent and confident and aware of their own strengths and behaviours and can work well with other team members. This was displayed in the scenario as the coordinating nurse was confident and showed their strength by pursuing the matter with the backing of the MDT. (Hogan, 1994) states leadership is persuading colleges to set aside individual concerns for a short period of time to support a mutual goal or responsibility for safety and welfare of a group. On the other hand (Fowler, 2012) states leadership is projected through role modeling. Role modeling according to (Fowler, 2012) is an individual who is â€Å"good at their job† and competent within their role with the ability to carry out tasks with ease. However there are some clinicians that practice on the edge within ethical dilemmas that could be deemed unprofessional therefor would not make good role models. (Bosman et al. 2012) also agrees with role modeling and its importance with leadership and states there are four aspects that experienced members of a team lead from. These are inspiration and motivation, self-efficacy reinforcing junior’s beliefs to achieve more. Learning by example of real life practice situations and a support for other members of the team. The leadership skills displayed in the scenario above was to advocate for the service user and be their voice. This took confidence and knowledge with a compassionate and empathetic approach so the service user would not be distressed or agitated over the weekend. It also demonstrates how connected the team was to get involved in the discussion to reinforce the initial statement. By displaying communication skills and introducing an outside party to evidence reasons why this would be the best course of action for the service user the pass was granted, and there were no incidents over the weekend involving the service user. However the service user could have went out on pass and not returned and the scenario could have been much worse even disastrous. But the staff member had evidence based knowledge about the individual and practical experience with care and treatment for the service user. Although there was a risk with this scenario all parties were following the 10 essential shared capabilities (ESCs) by working in partnership, promoting recovery, providing service user centred care, making a difference and positive risk taken (Anderson and Burgess, 2009) this guided all members to reach a decision. Kean and Haycock-Stuart (2011) argue that policies and interactions put in place to deliver a high standard of care can suggest that the individual in the leadership role is solely responsible for its success. This singular approach fails to report the relationship between the leader and followers and the prevalence of the followers contributions (Kean and Haycock-Stuart, 2011). The Scottish Government (2009) acknowledges that the leadership development for National Health Service (NHS) Scotland is achieving its goal. This is regarded as a priority for (NHS) Scotland and is prioritized at a local level (The Scottish Government, 2009). This has been introduced to insure healthcare professionals can practice nationally and local with leadership qualities and behaviours to deliver a high standard of care that is safe and effective. Policy within (NHS) Scotland states all employees are made clear and understand exactly what their role is. As they have a duty of care to provide the best care possible, and leaders have the responsibility to ensure this is happening to the correct standards but allow participation in the decision making process (The Scottish Government, 2009). The NHS has a model (Leading Better care, 2011) that can direct leaders to consider leadership qualities and develop positive attitudes and set out goals. How leaders behave within National H ealth Service (NHS) Scotland can make or break their agenda for health care. Research suggests that an effective leader can have a positive impact on service user care. There has been many cases of bad practice in healthcare that has been publicized for the public such as; The Mid Staffordshire NHS Foundation Trust which produced the Francis Inquiry (Nolan, 2013) which explored what happened and were the trust failed. The report stated that all healthcare workers working within the health care system will be held accountable for their actions and the care they provide. The report addressed staff from all positions especially senior positions who neglected their basic leadership skills (Nolan, 2013). (Blegen and Severinsson, 2011) state mental health nurses are always advancing their practice with change while working in environments that are challenging. By developing leadership skills that are motivating and encouraging colleagues to work responsibly and respectively with service users. This demonstrates the importance that leadership skills have when tasking or directing a colleague to have reassurance the task will be carried out correctly (Cleary et al. 2011). This can depend on the relationship of the followers and the leaders as this has an important bearing on the success of the healthcare environment. However (Kean and Haycock-Stuart, 2011) states that the followers are over looked as the framework for leadership focuses on the leaders as individuals. Kean and Haycock-Stuart (2011) state there is more to being a follower than following a leader, if judgements are made that disagree with a leader this can make or break the relationship of leader and follower. Good leaders hip takes opinions into consideration and work with reciprocity built on trust (Kean and Haycock-Stuart, 2011). Along with leadership is patient safety as described in paragraphs above leadership has been the emphasis for NHS Scotland locally and nationally but these two concepts work in partnership with each other (The Scottish Government, 2010). The Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC) acknowledge the importance for individuals to continually update skills and experience in leadership and patient safety and working in partnership with universities have implemented a new domain constructed for leadership. This domain will be part of student competencies that will be expected to be adhered to when they become registered nurses. Registered nurses must now lead and challenge in a bid to improve services to provide the best possible care (NMC, 2010). Patient Safety Safety is the most important part of the healthcare service, safety for service users and safety for healthcare professionals. The drive for safety within the healthcare services are one of the three ambitions by the Scottish Government which will strive to deliver and support safe and effective healthcare. All service users will receive care and treatment in a clean, safe environment free from preventable harm or injury in any NHS Scotland healthcare facility (Scottish Government, 2010). Patient safety is the foundation that nurses construct their practice around and is a professional value that the Nursing and Midwifery Council stipulate is a requirement with the code of conduct (NMC, 2015). All registered nurses must safeguard the health and well-being of all individuals for as long as there are receiving care (NMC, 2008). Ferguson et al. (2007) states when patient safety is compromised and errors transpire the role of the clinical practitioner can be scrutinized when there are numerous factors that threaten patient safety. Some factors such as; work load pressures and staff shortages can count for miner mistakes happening within the healthcare system. However (Ferguson et al, 2007) also states good communication within a positive and motivated working team are factors that are effective in building a good safety culture. General hospitals are subjected to the same safety risks with patient safety as in a mental health hospital such as; pressure sores and medication errors. However, additional risks to staff and patients are unique in the mental health area (Bark and Tingle, 2011).The management of violence and aggression and the use of seclusion are to support patient safety as mental health hospitals use restraining techniques which can increase the service user’s vulnerability. However mental illness can cause individuals to become suspicious, disorientated, paranoid or delusional that can cause anger or difficulty with instructions (Bark and Tingle, 2011). This can generate a more complex case for patient safety even though risk assessments are carried out daily within mental health wards. Staff predicting and planning for every preventable event that could happen, due to human behaviour is only effective with the information they possess at that time (Tate and Feeney, 2012). Langan (2010) states that violence in a mental health facility with service users were a risk may be prevalent to themselves or to staff, argues that this can exacerbate anxiety and increase pressure that is required when assessing a service users risk. Service users can be unpredictable when first presenting and with lack of knowledge of what is happening for that service user at that time presents numerous changeable factors that can transpire (Langan, 2010). There has been many attempts to build an assessment tool for mental health services but they have failed to reach the standard required (Langan, 2010). (NHS Lothian, 2012) state that the policy within mental health for risk assessments must be carried out for every service user that is admitted to hospital and becomes an inpatient this should be in conjunction with the service user. When filling out the risk assessment current information should be included such as; relevant history, associated behaviours, clinical diagnosis and information from the service user’s perspective as well as information from family this will ensure a robust risk assessment and support patient safety (NHS Lothian, 2012). A risk assessment is always being amended and is never complete it is an ongoing procedure that is effective at the time it is carried out (Tate and Feeney 2012). Risk assessments that are updated daily support patient safety. The mental health setting can highlight complexities with patient safety and emphasises how staff work in partnership with service users and using reciprocity keep patients safe (Tingle and Bark, 2011). When managing patient safety within the scenario this can present challenges as the coordinating nurse was basing her evidence on previous history but had a good knowledge and rapport with the service user. By working in partnership with the service user and promoting recovery on previous admissions the nurse already had a basic plan for a risk assessment and was thinking of patient safety and what could have transpired if the passes were not granted. However ever admission is different so nothing should be assumed for example; that last admission the service user got aggressive, that does not mean this will happen this admission. Conclusion The scenario that was introduced was not uncommon at the week end for an inpatient in mental health services. The service user could have had a different scenario if that individual was not on shift advocating for the patient and displaying leadership qualities. By checking legislation, frameworks, local policies and training which is available to support staff to deliver a high standard of care and ensure patient safety. By understanding what traits aid with leadership and just how important the skills to lead are and developing and nurturing them to provide a high standard of care from you and your team. Patient safety will always be identified as an important part of healthcare and by carrying out risk assessments will insure service user receive the best care for them. For more complex situation within mental health settings staff must follow polices and legislation and support each other fully as a team and with proper planning and applying daily risk assessments can support in minimizing harmful events from transpiring. References Waite, M., Soanes, C. (2007) Oxford dictionary and thesaurus (2nd ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Alimo-Metcalfe, B.(2003) Leadership Stamp of Greatness. Health Service Journal 113 (5861) 28-32 Kean, S., Haycock-Stuart, E. (2011) Understanding the relationship between followers and leaders. Nursing Management. London 18 (8) 31-35 Scottish Government (2009) Delivering Quality through Leadership: NHSScotland Leadership Development Strategy. Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/289816/0088790.pdf [accessed 9 Apr 2015] Kilfedder, C., Power, K., Wells, T. (2001). Burnout in psychiatric nursing. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 34 (3) 383-396 Hogan, R. (1994) what we know about leadership. American Psychologist, 49 (6) 493-504 Fowler, J. (2012) Professional development: From staff nurse to nurse consultant. Part 6: Importance of role models. British Journal of Nursing, 21 (5) 311 Bosma, N., Hessels, J., Schutjens, V., Praag, M. V., Verheul, I. (2012) Entrepreneurship and role models. Journal of Economic Psychology, 33 (2) 410–424 Wangensteen, S., Johansson, I. S., and Nordstrom, G. (2008) the first year as a graduate nurse—an experience of growth and development. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 17 (14) 1877–1885 Cleary, M., Deacon, M., and Hunt, E. (2011) Mental health nursing role models. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 49 (8) 6–7 Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., Mannix, J., O’Hara-Aarons, M., and Jackson, D. (2011) Valuing teamwork: Insights from newly-registered nurses working in specialist mental health services. International Journal of Mental Health Nursing, 20 (6) 454–459 Anderson, J. and Burgess, H. (2009) Essential shared capabilities for the whole of the mental health workforce: Bringing the educators into the frame. The Journal of Mental Health Training, Education and Practice, 4 (3) 21-29 Kean, Susanne; Haycock-Stuart, Elaine. (2011)Understanding the relationship between followers and leaders Nursing Management. 18 (8) 31-35 Nolan, P. (2013). (2) The Francis Report. Nursing Ethics, 20 (7) 840-842. Cleary, M., Horsfall, J., Deacon, M., and Jackson, D. (2011). Leadership and Mental Health Nursing. Issues in Mental Health Nursing, 2011, 32 (10) 632-639 Scottish Government (2010). The healthcare Quality Strategy for NHSScotland. Available from: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Resource/Doc/311667/0098354.pdf [accessed 9 Apr 2015] Ros Moore. (2011). LEADING BETTER CARE incorporating releasing Time to Care. Available: http://www.evidenceintopractice.scot.nhs.uk/media/150149/lbc incorporating rtc report.pdf. Last accessed 28th April 2015. Nursing and Midwifery Council (2008) The Code: Standards of conduct, performance and ethics for nurses and midwives. Available from: http://www.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Standards/The-code-A4-20100406.pdf [accessed 9 Apr 2015] Nursing and Midwifery Council. (2010) Pre-registration nursing education in the UK. Available from: http://standards.nmc-uk.org/Documents/Pre-registration%20nursing%20education%20in%20UK%20FINAL%2006092010.pdf [accessed 9 Apr 2015] Ferguson, L., Calvert, J., Davie, M., Fallon, M., Fred, N., Gerbach, V., and Sinclair, L. (2007) Clinical leadership: Using observations of care to focus risk management and quality improvement activities in the clinical setting. Contemporary Nurse, 24 (2) 212-224 Tate, L. and Feeney, A. (2012) the principles of risk assessment. Medicine, 40 (11) 574-576 Bark, P. and Tingle, J. (2011) Psychological aspects of patient safety. In Patient Safety, Law Policy and Practice. (64 84). Routledge: London, UK. Scottish Government (2006) The New Mental Health Act Whats it all about? A Short Introduction. Available from: http://www.gov.scot/Publications/2004/01/18753/3168 [accessed 9 Apr 2015] Nursing and Midwifery Council (2015) The Code: Preserve safety. Available from: http://www.nmc.org.uk/standards/code/read-the-code-online/ [accessed 9 Apr 2015] Preserve safety

Possible People Responsible for the Death of Romeo & Juliet :: Shakespeare, Romeo and Juliet

Two households, both alike in dignity? From ancient grudge break to new mutiny, Where civil blood makes civil hands unclean. From forth the fatal loins of these two foes A pair of star-cross'd lovers take their life, Whole misadventured piteous overthrows Do with their death bury their parents' strife? -Chorus As these words echoed through the hall of the Globe theatre little did William Shakespeare know that this tragedy, Romeo and Juliet, would be examined and admired by playwrights for decades to come. So does fate play a major part in this tragedy? Or does their blood stain the garments of civil hands? Could it have been the loyal Mercutio, who swore on both their houses Tybalt the hated enemy? or was it Friar Lawrence who tried to end the fighting between households. Or does the blame go on the ancestors who began it. Many would agree that the death of these lovers cannot be blamed on anyone but themselves. This question cannot be answered without looking deeply into each characters involvement in the tragedy. In many ways Mercutio can be blamed for the deaths of Romeo and Juliet. If he had not persuaded Romeo to come to the Capulet?s Ball Romeo would most likely have never fallen in love with Juliet. If Romeo hadn?t gone to the Capulets Ball, Tybalt would not have sought his life and in time forcing Romeo to be banished and Mercutio and himself dead. Or was it those few words that left Mercutios mouth when he knew he was dying? ?A plague on both your houses! I am sped. Is he gone, and hath nothing - Act 3, Scene 1, line 90. Could he have really put a curse on the Capulet and Montague households? That both families will come together at the result of death. From the very beginning of the play, Tybalt expressed how he hated peace. He would prefer to hate than to have peace with the Montagues. ?What! Drawn, and talk of peace? I hate the word, / as I hate hell, all Montagues, and thee. / Have at thee, coward! ? Act 1, Scene 1, line 67 Surely if he did not have such a hate for the Montagues he would not have gone after Romeo after seeing him at the ball. If he had held back his sword instead of smiting Mercutio, Romeo would not have been angered to murder and in turn be banished. But also when Juliet?s parents heard that there daughter?

options on company telephone services :: essays research papers

Introduction There are many different options companies have when decided on what type if telephone service to use. The size and needs of the company will usually determine the communications needed to run an organized operation. Another factor in choosing what type of telecommunications a company will need is what type of business does the company deal with. For example, is the company a telemarketing service, a customer service company for bank, or a consulting firm; plus, what are the majority of calls pertaining to and the time frame of each call? Are the telephone calls from customers needing to know where the nearest bank or ATM is or are they important clients wanting an estimate on a construction project that is underway. These are a few of the important items to look over before choosing the telecommunication that are right for you company. I work at a company called VTN Nevada. It is an engineering, survey, architecture, planning, and construction management consulting firm. We do consulting work for many large companies in Las Vegas Valley. We do a lot of communicating with clients, construction project manager, and the entities, such as, City of Las Vegas, City of Henderson, City of North Las Vegas, Clark County, and Nye County. The need for good communication is mandatory in order to get the project done to the clients desires, as well as, meeting the needs of the entities that the projects are located within. VTN Nevada uses many different forms of communications from conference calls to e-mails, but nothing is better than a face to face meeting in order to straight out major issues. Body The system that is currently in place at VTN Nevada is the PBX, otherwise known as Private Branch eXchange. The PBX allows VTN to create extensions to connect to each other, as well as, to the public network. The system is set up to allow a person to dial the main office line and get the first receptionist, Rita. Rita, will then direct the caller to the person that they are trying to reach. If the caller wants to contact one of the directors of the company, they will be transferred to the director secretary, Marti. Then, Marti will transfer the caller to the intended recipient of the call, take a message, or transfer the caller to the intended’s voice mail. Rita will at the main number has the same

Life Cycle Analysis of Aviation Products

INTRUDUCTIONIt is very easy to question a nation for its decision to retire seemingly useful aircraft, but there are many economic factors that need to be taken into account.  We often hear about how much it costs to buy any particular model of plane, but people often underestimate just how expensive it is to operate and maintain aircraft. Not only do you have to consider the direct costs of flying the plane (pilot pay, fuel, and other consumables), but also the costs of pilot training, the costs of parts and labor to perform routine maintenance, the costs of training ground crew to perform that maintenance, the costs of obtaining and maintaining support equipment needed to service the planes, and the costs of the facilities needed to perform this service and maintenance. We often lump all these factors together into the â€Å"life-cycle cost† of an airplane.GENERAL DISCUSIONLife Cycle Cost is extremely important when determining whether to retain or replace aircraft, acquir e new or used aircraft, and in evaluating the total economics of competing aircraft whether purchasing, financing, or leasing. With this program you can predict Cash Flows and Net Present Values and compare different forms of ownership.As aircraft have become increasingly complex, the life-cycle costs associated with maintaining sophisticated equipment and training crew to operate and service that equipment have grown substantially. For this reason, we see a trend in militaries around the world to standardize on as few types of aircraft as possible. By operating only a couple types of planes, a military can consolidate its training and servicing activities thereby minimizing the amount of money needed for aircraft operations and maintenance.This motivation is likely a major factor in the business decision to eliminate their old aircraft. The business can instead focus its maintenance and training budgets on a few designs, which tend to share much in common, as opposed to siphoning o ff a large chuck of that money to support a completely different design. Understanding and modeling factors related to learning, economics, marketing, risks, and uncertainty can enable designers to design more cost-effective systems. The importance of developing comprehensive life cycle cost models cannot be over emphasized with reference to affordable systems. Particular areas of concern include production cost, estimating, organizational learning, pricing and marketing, sub-contracting production, and predicting competitors’ cost.In addition to the component of the cost estimation, usually the focal point of most cost models, accurate modeling of all factors related to the production, operations, and support is necessary to generate calibrated life cycle cost profiles. Basic engineering economics can be used for determining price once the cost has been estimated. Interest formulas are available for predicting rates of return and other indicators of profitability. However th e complex models used for life cycle cost prediction must utilize algorithm for stimulating additional factors as organizational learning and manufacturing processes.The three primary component f the system life cycle are non recurring costs, recurring costs, and operations and support costs. According to Apgar, H. (1993) there are two principal objectives for an life cycle cost trade study as the identification of the design and production process alternatives which meet minimum performance requirements; both at the lowest average unit production cost, and   at the lowest operation and support cost per operating hour.A full range of cost models exists today, from detailed part-level models, based on direct engineering and manufacturing standard factors, to conceptual design level life cycle models. While most of the conceptual design level models are parametric and weight/complexity-based, much research is being conducted to develop feature-, activity-, and/or process-based model s. Many of the detailed models use measured data from the shop floor for the regression analysis and algorithm development. At the other end of the spectrum are the top-level, parametric cost estimating models for life cycle estimates. Few models exist between the two ends of the modeling spectrum; no suitable methods have been demonstrated for a model that accepts multifidelity data from multiple levels of product analysis within an integrated design environment.Detailed estimates of direct materials and hours used for fabrication and assembly of the aircraft major structural components (accommodating the many and varied material types; product forms such as sheets, extrusions, fabrics, etc.; and construction types utilized in advanced technology aircraft structures) will replace the weight/complexity-based algorithm for estimating the aircraft cost in the top-level, parametric life cycle cost model. These differentials in the aircraft cost estimates due to fabrication and assembly alternatives will propagate via the system roll up cost through the life cycle for production, operation, and support for the entire system.With such a tool/model, the designer will be able to determine sensitivities in the top-down life cycle cost model to changes or alternatives evaluated in the bottom-up cost model. It will be possible to calculate sensitivities and design for robustness with the life cycle cost model due to perturbations of some factors such as entities external to the manufacturer; functions internal to the manufacturer, but external to manufacturing; and processes internal to the manufacturer.The manufacturer cannot control certain factors external to the enterprise. For instance, the number of aircraft ordered, the times of the orders and the corresponding payment schedule, interest rates, and projected inflation rates are not variables over which the manufacturer has complete control. The monthly or annual production rates; sub-contracting decisions; learni ng curve effects; and manufacturing, and sustaining costs are factors that are internal to the enterprise, but can be categorized in a higher level than the actual material purchasing, processing, fabrication, and assembly. The sequences of activities and processes used for fabrication and assembly are assumed to be internally controlled by the manufacturer.The lowest level of the life cycle cost model consists of the cost estimation for the aircraft, based upon the direct engineering and manufacturing estimates for its major structural components. The highest level includes determination and distribution of the non-recurring and recurring production costs, as well as the operations and support costs over the entire life cycle of the aircraft.According to Febrycky, W.J., and Blanchard, B.S. (1991) that a through understanding of certain economic theories must be achieved before any reasonable life cycle cost analysis can be undertaken. Alternative instruments can be compared against each other or a fair basis only if their respective benefits and costs are converted to an equivalent economic base, with appropriate consideration for the time value of money. Three factors are involved when determining the economic equivalence of sums of money. They are the amounts of the sums, the times of occurrence of the sums, and the interest rate. Interest formulas are functions of all three. These functions are used for calculating the amounts occurring at different periods of time.The life cycle cost analysis of aircraft comprises the following capabilities. The unit production costs are estimated with a series of experimental equations for generating airframe component manufacturing costs for specific classes of aircraft. According to Lee, P. (1994) that a theoretical First Unit Cost is generated by summing the respective component costs of the airframe, propulsion, avionics and instrumentation, and final assembly. Most of the structural component cost equations are weig ht-based. Engine costs are based on the thrust, the quantity produced, and the cruise Mach number.Alternatively, the actual price/cost of the engine can be specified as input parameters. Another series of exponential equations is used to calculate the production costs based upon the total number of vehicles produced. The average unit airplane costs, either including or excluding airframe and engine spares, are also calculated. A comparison of the average aircraft manufacturing costs versus the quantity of aircraft produced is provided. The elements of the total vehicle cost can be reduced with user-specified learning curves for the airframe, avionics, propulsion, assembly, and fixed equipment. For a specified production rate, ship set, and average aircraft selling prices, the manufacturer’s cumulative and annual cash flows are calculated.The annual and cumulative aircraft deliveries are calculated first, based upon an input production rate schedule. The manufacturing cost is the sum of the production costs of all operational vehicles produced each year. The cost to manufacture one vehicle includes airframe cost, propulsion cost, avionics and instrumentation cost, and the cost of final assembly. The manufacturer’s sustaining costs are the total production costs minus the cost of the operational vehicles and the manufacturer’s profit fee. Ten elements constitute the total sustaining costs: airframe and engine spares, facilities, sustaining engineering, sustaining tooling, ground support equipment, training equipment, initial training, and initial equipment. The sustaining costs are distributed equally for each aircraft over the same months in which each aircrafts manufacturing costs are distributed.CONCLUSIONThere is normally a conflict between cost-effective choices and affordable choices for alternative designs. Today, the desire for cost-effectiveness is often sacrificed to the practical considerations of the available funding with the de velopment of more complexes and comprehensive life cycle cost modes that can accept and process multifidelity data within an integrated design environment, it will be possible to better calculate the cost-effectiveness and affordability of future systems. Then it may be possible to have a system that is ultimately cost-effective, yet still affordable.REFERENCEApgar, H. (1993). Design-to-Life-Cycle-Cost in Aerospace, Aerospace Design Conference, Irvine CA.Febrycky, W.J., and Blanchard, B.S. (1991). Life-Cycle Cost and Economic Analysis, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Lee, P. (1994). A Process Oriented Parametric Cost Model, Aerospace Design Conference, Irvine CA.

Coca Cola Market Plan and Market Research Essay

In the role of marketing consultant, I am presenting a marketing plan and a marketing research brief for Coca-Cola, a leader in the soft-drinks industry. Introduction Marketing is definitely one of the major factors that contribute towards the success of any business. Especially in today’s growing competitive economy it is essential that correct marketing is executed so as to survive and grow in the globalized world. This academic report is intended to provide a detailed analysis of the marketing plan of Coca-Cola Company. The external environment is analyzed to demonstrate the threats that it imposes. It will also help to understand the monitoring system to be able to deter these threats. The analysis is made on the internal capabilities of the company as well. Within these analyses, the objectives of the company have been discussed. A reflection has been done on the marketing strategies undertaken by the company. Amidst all these, possible implementation, control and monitoring system have been highlighted. The marketing plan is followed by a marketing research to identify the area of opportunities. Several resources have been studied to put together the plan and the research. These resources are mentioned at the end of the report. Coca-Cola Coca-Cola was invented way back in the year 1886 by Dr. John Pemberton. He was a pharmacist in Atlanta in Georgia. The formula of Coca-Cola was fabricated by him in the backyard of his house in a three legged pot made up of brass (History of Coca-Cola). The intention at this point was to make a tonic for headache which turned out to be so tasty and refreshing that it gained orders due to this reason. The name Coca-Cola was pronounced by Frank Robinson, who was partner of Pemberton as well as a bookkeeper. He penned the words â€Å"Coca-Cola† in a script which is represented as a flow. This is how the name appears today on the brand and is famous overall. At that time, the average sale in a day was nine drinks. In the entire year, the sale was 25 gallons of the syrup. With the passage of time, when Pemberton started to lose health, he decided and sold off the company to Asa Candler for a consolidated price of $2,300 in 1891. The first time that Coca-Cola was bottled was in 1894, by the owner of the Biedenharn Candy Company, Joseph Biedenharn. With the increased fame of the brand, there were fake imitators that entered in the market. To avoid confusion, the currently famous contour bottle was designed by the Root Glass Company of Terre Haute, Indiana. By the year 1919, the product of the company was spread to all the states and the territories. In the same year, the company was bought by a group including Ernest Woodruff for $25 million. Robert Woodruff’s (eldest son of Ernest Woodruff) leadership for more than six decades made Coca-Cola a big success all over the world. On May 15, 1950, Coca-Cola was the foremost consumer product to appear on the issue of Time magazine. Robert Goizueta became President of the company in 1981. Soon, he was recognized as one of the most successful leaders worldwide.   The Company introduced â€Å"New Coke† in 1985 and later brought up Coke II. This was unable to get the public’s favor and the people demanded their own previous coke back.   Visualizing and passing through all ups and downs, today, Coca-Cola is available in 200 countries over the world and the trademark â€Å"Coca-Cola† is represented in about eighty languages (The History of Coca-Cola). Objectives of the Company The objective of the company is to utilize its assets— its brand, the financial strength of the company, excellent distribution system, worldwide reach, and last but not the least a strong sense of commitment by the team that manages and executes work all across the world—to attain long-term growth that persists and is maintained (Coca-Cola Company, 2010). The vision that the company has for sustainable growth are explained as under: Profit – It works towards being able to provide maximum return to the shareholders of the company. The strategies are framed keeping this objective in mind. People – The workplace should be where people are motivated to work better. Coca-Cola provides a good work environment for the workers to be happy while working. Portfolio – The Company aims to provide the beverage portfolio to the people that are able to satisfy the desires of the people. The marketing research done by the company before the final product, this factor is kept to be checked in the initial phase. Partners – Coca-Cola aims at maintaining a loyal relation with the partners and till date there is demonstrated a good relationship with all. Planet – The Company has an objective to do something different. This is represented by the fact that new types of beverages are introduced by the company to be different from the competitors and provide variety to the people. Productivity – It aims at maintaining to be effective and fast paced company (Coca Cola’s mission, vision and values, 2010). This has been at the core of every action by Coca-Cola as it has an effective space today in the global market. Marketing Plan While a marketing plan is drafted or studied, it required thorough examination and in depth research. Market Segmentation Coca Cola is one of the successful companies in the context of market segmentation as well. Demographic Segmentation – This segmentation is on the basis of age, gender, income and family size of the consumers. It has introduced various flavors for small children group. After a research when the company discovered that the Light Cola was considered as feminine drink by many, it introduced Coke Zero that aims at male consumer group who are health conscious. Different packing has different cost and targets to meet all the income groups. There is economy packs introduced which targets consumers as per the family size. Geographical Segmentation – Due to different climatic conditions and regional differences, Coca Cola varies the taste of the product as per the people of that particular country.   Psychographic Segmentation – The advertisements done by Coca Cola are the best examples to express how the company segments the market as per the interests, attitudes and values of the consumers. Whenever a famous event takes place, the company introduces an ad in context of the event so that it touches the heart of the people. Still, the primary market segmentation that is measurable, accessible and whose response can be noticed and worked upon is the segmentation on the basis of Demographic Segmentation. Coca Cola focuses most on youngsters between the ages of 13 to 25 Marketing Strategies Current Market Strategy Coca – Cola undertakes the segmented marketing strategy by marketing its products to different segments by separate offerings to them. This is called the differentiated marketing strategy.   Coca-Cola is quite popular in the younger group and hence most of its advertisements and campaigns are undertaken keeping in view the younger generation. An appropriate example for this will be that it has put vending machines in the schools and they have announced officially that they will be continuing to target the market. Another example is the â€Å"diet coke† that caters to the need of specific people. The basic product, Coca Cola Soda is targeted to the entire market as a whole. The market strategy thus put to effect by the company is targeting all the possible domains and providing them with soda that meets their demand. This differentiated marketing strategy has provided Coca-Cola with a stand in all the possible markets. Life Cycle of the Product It has been a number of years that Coca Cola has introduced the drink in the market. As we can understand from the history, Coke has attained a stupendous response from the people and their likeness, which has contributed towards the growth of the product. Once the product has been introduces and placed well in the market, comes the maturity stage. And as per the in-depth analysis, Coca-Cola stands at this stage in the product life cycle. At this stage there is a rapid growth in the sales of the product and later starts settling down. To be able to survive at such a phase, it is important to differentiate the product from the competitor’s product. This has been persistently followed by Coca-Cola and as can be seen, has been done very well. Since the sales begin to settle at a particular point, it is essential to give a differentiation to your product. Branding Strategy Coca-Cola is a famous international brand. The company has been working effectively and actively on maintaining its brand equity for quite some time now and has been able to achieve a well know brand equity and attained brand loyalty. Coca-Cola provides a lot of varieties to the people in the range of soda. These varieties cater to the needs of all the market segments. The brand is excellently symbolized in the packaging. This makes it easy for the people to recognize the product. The red color that is implemented is quite eye-catchy and attracts the entire market domain including the primary market of youngsters in the age group of 13 to 25. The contour bottles as well as cans are designed in such a way that the product from Coca-Cola can be easily ascertained. The brand equity by Coca – Cola has been created through rigorous campaigns undertaken and extraordinary advertisements designed for promotional purposes. It is after a lot of effort that Coca-Cola soda has attained this brand equity. The branding strategy implemented by Coca-Cola Company has been quite effective in being able to gain a major market share. There are several kinds of brand strategy that can be implemented for the creation of brand equity. Some of these are – Private brand strategy, Family brand strategy, Manufacturer’s brand strategy and Hybrid brand strategy. Coca Cola has made the use of the Individual brand strategy. This can be explained as major products of Coca Cola are provided with their own brand names. For example, Sprite, Fanta, etc. may be represented and publicized as separate lines; the domain remains the same – Coca Cola. Coca-Cola has introduced new products from time to time. Here is a marketing research brief to demonstrate how Coca-Cola expanded with large range of products. Marketing Research Brief Marketing research is as important as the marketing itself. It is essential that we are aware of the current market and the actions and plans of our competitors so that the framing and implementation of the marketing strategies move in the correct direction. The development of the marketing strategy depends a lot on the marketing research. The plan can only be drafted after there is sufficient information regarding the market.   The implementation of the strategy is dependent on the market research again as before the implementation it is important to know how the draft has to be implemented well to achieve the desired results. Evaluation is a comparison of the achieved result and the expected result. Since, it has to be done on the marketing strategy this has its dependence on market research. There are many opportunities identified for Coca-Cola in the marketing research. These are all derived from the major one is the partnership of Coca-Cola with International Olympic Committee (IOC). Coca-Cola has been a known name so far. Analyzing the responses and current situation, the major challenge faced by the company’s soda pertains to the health issues and concerns. I believe that it is required to revisit the entire make of the soda and check it for any harmful products that can be taken off from the making. Also, there can be some additional nutritional or healthy attributes added to the drink. But all this will be required to be done with the taste of the soda not changing or changing negligibly. A subsidiary of Coca Cola in Britain took a decision of expanding without acquisition of new companies but by itself. This time, the company chose on implementing an internal strategy of marketing to develop new product (A., 2012). Five stages of marketing research will be required to be implemented to develop the new product and float it successfully in the market. Identification of the Opportunity – Understand the concept behind the need of the change and pen down the ideal product Exploring the Solution – Surveys, focus groups and interviews can be conducted to understand the expectations from the upcoming product by the public. Measuring the Effectiveness – It needs to be gauged that if the new product will be effective enough so as to gain the targeted share in the market. Testing the Market – It is quits a costly affair to launch a new product. The internal and external capabilities of the company assist in being able to do so effectively. Track Market performance – After the launch of the new product, the performance needs to be checked and evaluated against the target. External Environment of Coca-Cola We shall conduct PESTLE analysis to understand the external environment of Coca-Cola. This is important because all of the factors are inter-related. If there is a political decision that is taken, it would impact the economic situation of the country and thus the environment (Monitoring system of coca-cola) The first factor is the Political analysis. It inspects the present and prospective political influences. These include the influence of the tax laws, reforms by the government, tariffs and restrictions in trade. Guardian report of August 7, 2006, advises that there was a ban laid on the sale of coke, in some states of India, in the government offices and the institutes pertaining to education. This led to the company being destitute of prospective market of around 30 million. The next is the economic analysis. This analyzes the impact by local, countywide and worldwide. If we look at this side, outside the United States, there is increased sale of beverage without alcohol. This means that all these countries will ensure stability and growth for the company. In the sociological analysis, the analysis catered to the affects to the company with the changes in the attitude and lifestyle of people. This will mean that the target market of the young crowd will keep influencing the strategies of the company. Technology is another significant analysis where it is evaluated that how the company is affected and influenced by the changing technology. Cherry coke was introduced in 1985; this was a result of the technological advancement. The impact that the legislation has on the company is examined through the legal analysis. All the inventions and the developments of the product have to go through proper patent procedure. This is done by the company and like any other sector; it is required to meet the legal requirements. Lastly, the environmental analysis is conducted which ascertains the issues. All the facilities of the company are consistently monitored and checked so as to meet the guidelines set by the government (tabishnehal) It is discovered that the company takes due care in keeping a check and monitoring the external environment so as to keep up with the standards and avoid any prospective threats. Internal Capabilities The analysis of internal capabilities assists in formulating better strategies. Once the internal analysis is done, the company is aware of the resources that are available and are under its control (PremiumWritingService.com) The increase in the revenue of the company as compared with that in 2009 was $6.48 billion in 2010. The total of the capital of Coca-Cola at that time was announced to be $72.929 billion. The company possesses various resources for it to sustain and grow as a leader in the production of soft drinks. We shall review these capabilities in terms of tangible and intangible resources (PremiumWritingService.com). While analyzing the tangible resources, we shall cover the financial, human and physical resources of the company that contributes towards its success. The physical resources comprise of the equipments, infrastructure and the land and buildings. It has the set up units in all the states and regions. Because these are self-owned, it keeps the cost of production low. The financial position of Coca-Cola is not hidden from anyone. It is amongst the largest companies and has a strong financial set up. It is thus easy for it to execute new ventures and innovations because the cost, if productive, is not a restriction. There is highly motivational work environment and thus the staff of the company. The company has worked towards the improvement of its workers through lot of trainings. The workers are therefore able to deliver quality and timely work. The other aspect to look at the internal capabilities is the intangible resources of the company. These comprise of the goodwill, intellectual property and the technology advancement. The company has always had an edge over others through the technological expertise that it holds. It has helped the company to be able to introduce new products in the market which today are quite successful such as flavored drinks. Once these products are discovered, they are patented by Coca-Cola and hence the company enjoys full right over the production of these drinks. The goodwill of the company is stupendous and gives an upper edge to it over any other company. Differentiation There have been lots of changes demonstrated by marketing mix of Coca – Cola.   Product – The Company has almost 3300 products with a range of variety.   Price – The price of the products vary as per the geographical location and the market. Due to variety of products, most of the products have different pricing strategy. Place – It is supplied in most of the parts of the world and is liked by all. It has a planned and effective network of distribution. Promotion – There are many strategies pertaining to promotion and advertisement by Coca-Cola. The marketing mix is floated keeping in view the differentiation as per the product, service, channel, people and image. For the primary target market, the product differentiation is done by keeping in mind the kind of soda that will be liked by this sector. The Service differentiation is as per the needs and requirements of the young crowd which has to be prompt. The images used in the products that are most used by the youngsters are meant to be attractive and eye-catching Positioning By positioning it is meant the process of forming and embedding the image that the product has made in the mind of the customers as compared to the products of the competitors. Many companies make soft drinks these days. Although other companies may try to compete at the level of Coca-Cola, they will be unable to match the level of Coca Cola. Positioning assists in making the customers understand the unique value and image of the product, as compared with the products of the competitors. Coca Cola has plans in place to form such positions that will provide it with a lot of advantage pertaining to its different target markets. The positioning of Coca Cola has been based on the procedure of positioning through direct comparison and it has been able to position its products to be able to place towards benefit of its target market. Most of the people in general, form an image of a product through putting a comparison with some another product. This is quite evident in the well known professional was between Coca-Cola and Pepsi in all the product domains. Supply Chain The supply chain of Coca-Cola Company includes the company itself and nearly 300 bottling partners over the world. These bottling partners are not under direct control and supervision of the company. The entire supply system of Coca-Cola runs through mode of various local and national channels. The company is responsible for manufacturing and selling the concentrates of Coca-Cola, the beverage base of the drink and also the syrup to the bottling operators. It still is the owner of the brand and has the responsibility and accountability for brand marketing initiatives for the consumers. These bottling partners then are involved in manufacturing, packaging, merchandising and distributing the ultimate beverages to the wholesale and retail customers and also to the other vending partners. All of these further sell the products to final consumers. All of the bottling partners of Coca-Cola work in direct contact with the customers. These customers here refer to the amusement parks, convenience stores, grocery stores, street vendors, restaurants and movie theaters. These also help the Company to be able to execute many of the localized strategies which are planned and prepared in partnership with the bottling partners. Market Share In the year 2011, Coca Cola possessed a market share of around 42% as against the 30% of Pepsi’s market share. With the launch of Diet Coke, Coca Cola was able to expand more and augment its earning and profit levels. Monitoring and Controls Monitoring and controlling mechanism permits the companies to be able to check if there exists a variance when the actual budget is compared with the projected budget. This is essential to be executed because it helps in advising and suggesting important and necessary actions to meet the set marketing objectives. There are three tools that have been implemented to assess the performance of the market plan put in place: * Sales Analysis In this sales analysis, the total sales affected is broken down to precisely explain the sales in each segment. This will help in identifying the strengths and weaknesses of the plan in the small sections. The sellers of products of Coca Cola range from chief retail supermarkets to quite small stores at the corner of the street. * Market Share Analysis In this Market share analysis, the business sales of Coca Cola will be compared with the sales affected by its major competitors. Currently, Coca Cola is going through lot of changes and hence aims to regain the similar control and old of the market as it used to have previously. * Marketing Profitability Analysis The Marketing Profitability Analysis checks the cost involved and expended in marketing. Majorly, three ratios are put to use to be able to monitor and control the marketing profitability; they include market research to sales ratio, the advertising to sales ratio and the last one being sales representatives to sales ratio. From the result of these ratios, Coca Cola can determine and gauge any of the emerging trends which may not be welcomed. These can be any variation such as the requirement of a different product altogether. When we compare these ratio results with the actual results it provides the company with an idea on when change should be brought. Recommendation After the research, there are a few recommendations proposed. These include: Coca-Cola has been a known name so far. Analyzing the responses and current situation, the major challenge faced by the company’s soda pertains to the health issues and concerns. I believe that it is required to revisit the entire make of the soda and check it for any harmful products that can be taken off from the making. Also, there can be some additional nutritional or healthy attributes added to the drink. But all this will be required to be done with the taste of the soda not changing or changing negligibly.   Coca Cola needs to consider a number of issues relating to the physical distribution of its soft drink products. A distinctive promotion and communication strategy can be incorporated. Since the value proposition of the company is â€Å"uniqueness† of soda, there should be communication done to demonstrate the distinct features. I believe this will give a sense of confidence to the consumers that they are able to attain what has been promised to them. Conclusion After conducting research and framing the academic report, we have been able to understand the various strategies implemented and the areas of improvement for Coca-Cola. There are some opportunities as well identified which can be worked upon to gain a wider market. The entire research assisted in gaining knowledge and understanding the concept of marketing better. Also, it helped to understand the overall soft-drinks industry – its strengths and weaknesses as well. References A., E. (2012, 09 04). 5 Tips for Developing Product Ranges Through Smart Market Research. Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from www.instant.ly: http://www.instant.ly/blog/2012/09/5-tips-for-developing-product-ranges-through-smart-market-research/ Coca Cola’s mission, vision and values. (2010). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from ww.coca-cola.co.uk: http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us/coca-cola-mission-vision-statement.html Coca-Cola Company. (2010, 02 26). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from www.wikinvest.com: http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Coca-Cola_Company_(KO)/Objective History of Coca-Cola. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from www.coca-cola.co.uk: http://www.coca-cola.co.uk/about-us/history-of-coca-cola-company.html Monitoring system of coca-cola. (n.d.). Retrieved 01 31, 2013, from